الفهرس 
Contents
List of TablesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 162 |  |  |
| | | from | 162 | | |
Abstract
Energy has become an indispensable requirement for powering modern rsocieties. Throughout the industrial revolution, fossil fuels played a crucial role, yet growing concerns about resource depletion and environmental issues have sparked a quest for sustainable and eco-friendly energy solutions. This objective is in line with Egypt’s vision for the period from 2020 to 2030. Among several alternative energy sources, hydrogen (H2) gas emerges as a highly promising alternative due to its exceptional energy density and the fact that it only produces water as a byproduct when combusted. Thus, researchers have explored alternative technologies for hydrogen production, often involving catalysts to accelerate the process. Precious metal catalysts like platinum, iridium, and ruthenium have been used, but their high cost and limited availability make them unsuitable for widespread use. To achieve maximum efficiency and adaptability, non-precious catalysts like transition metal oxides, nitrides and sulfides are preferred.