الفهرس 
Literature SurveyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The majority of the energy used in the world is produced by burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. People are now turning to renewable energy sources like the sun, wind, and water because fossil fuels cannot be replaced after they are used up. Photovoltaics is the technology of directly converting sunlight into electricity using solar cells. Increased awareness of non-polluting energy sources, along with significant public and private sector support and encouragement, have given solar photovoltaics a chance. Since PV systems have grown more affordable in recent years, installations have increased quickly worldwide, making this one among the sectors with the quickest growth rates. It might be challenging to forecast solar system energy output before or after installation. Many simulation studies have suggested several methods for assessing the effectiveness of solar PV installations. This study’s goal is to review the state-of-the-art in PV technology from the standpoint of operation, parts, traits, categories, and applications. Also, methods for computing the current-voltage characteristics of PV cells, such as variable resistors, capacitive loads, electronic loads, bipolar power amplifiers, four-quadrant power supplies, and dc-dc converters, are described. The capacitive load method is the subject of this thesis. In order to study the time-dependent dynamics of charge and discharge in photo-super capacitors (PSC), devices that combine a super capacitor and a solar cell, a semi-analytical model is utilized. Additionally, the thesis assesses the performance of the PV system in relation to environmental factors like temperature and irradiance as well as array configurations like series and parallel connections. The findings demonstrated that the highest Energy Conversion and Storage Efficiency is directly related to the solar cell’s Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) and Fill Factor (FF) for a specific PSC (ECSE). The findings demonstrated that the voltage remains constant and the current becomes additive as the number of strings in a parallel connection rise. In contrast, when solar panel strings are connected in series, the voltage rises but the current stays the same. The open circuit voltage of a PV module changes with cell temperature for each connection technique. As the temperature rises due to changes in the environment or heat produced by internal power loss during the production of energy, the open circuit voltage decreases. The power output is consequently reduced. The radiation level will also affect a module’s performance because higher radiation will lead to a considerable increase in current, which will improve power output. The researcher suggests that future studies should incorporate IoT applications in PV systems.