الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUROnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 196 |  |  |
| | | from | 196 | | |
Abstract
The present study was carried out at the Poultry physiology laboratory, Poultry Production Department belonging to Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Egypt. During the period from February 2020 to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of grape pomace extract on hatchability, blood biochemical profile, productive performance, antioxidant and immunological status, meat quality and histological changes of hatched chicks. April 2020. The main objective was to evaluate the effect of in ovo injection of grape pomace extract on hatchability, blood biochemical profile, productive performance, antioxidant and immunological status, meat quality and histological changes of hatched chicks.
A total number of 550 fertile broiler eggs from (Arbor Acres strain). The eggs were individually weighed, egg weight ranged (61.88±5 g). At the 17.5th DOI, 480 fertile eggs were divided into 6 groups the first group was the control without any treatment. While the second group was the sham group which simulates with fake injection. The third group of vehicle was injected with 100 µl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). While the fourth group was injected with 100µl (of 2 mg grape pomace dissolved in DMSO). The fifth group was injected with 100µl (of 4 mg grape pomace dissolved in DMSO). The sixth group was injected with100µl (of 6 mg grape pomace dissolved in DMSO). The eggs were sterilized with 70% ethyl alcohol were injected into the amnion of the egg. Sterile shell hole was sealed with glue stick.
At 18th DOI, the eggs that were apparently having live embryos were set in hatching cages, at 99.5°F and 70% RH for the last three days of incubation.
At 21st DOI, chicks that hatched and their weights were recorded. All groups were reared under similar management, environmental and nutritional conditions. Hatchability and embryonic mortality, postatching productive performance, carcass and muscle traits, blood constituents, tibiae measurements, meat quality for breast and thigh of chickens, histological observations in liver, bursa and small intestine and plasma levels of sex hormones in chickens were determined.
The results obtained can be summarized as follows:
1. In ovo injection with grape pomace extract at 17.5th DOI, hasn’t effect on hatchability (%) and embryonic mortality compared with control groups
2. Live body weight (LBW) and body weight gain (BWG) were significantly improved in all injected groups during the experimental period and the overall period of the study.
3. Feed consumption was insignificantly affected by treatment, while feed conversion ratio treatments was improved significantly in chicks that hatched from in ovo injection eggs with grape pomace extract compared with the control groups, where the best values were recorded for groups T4, T6 and T2 with the value being 1.50, 1.54 and 1.60, respectively.
4. In ovo injection with grape pomace extract had significantly increased carcass yield at marketing age (35 DOA), where hot carcass weight, liver , heart, gizzard and edible parts weights were significantly increased, but abdominal fat weight was decreased compared with the control groups.
5. In ovo injection with grape pomace extract had significant effect on thymus, bursa of fabricius and spleen weights. Also, Ovaries and Testes weight of broilers at 35DOA.
6. Breast muscles (Pectoralis major, P. minor) weight and thigh weight were significantly increased in chicks from grape pomace extract treatments (T4andT6) followed by (T2) compared with the control groups, respectively.
7. Tibia bone weight, length, Tibia Breaking Strength, Ca, P and Ash were significantly increased in (T4, T6) followed T2 and then the in control groups. A similar trend was also observed for shank length at one DOA.
8. In ovo injection with grape pomace extract improved sensory evaluation of breast and thigh and chemical composition of chick meat at 5 WOA.
9. There were a significant increase in the blood of T4 in all hematological parameters including red blood cells (RBCS) count, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, white blood cells (WBCS) and PCV% than those of the control chicks.
10. At hatch, plasma total proteins, albumin and globulin were significantly higher in chicks that hatched from in ovo injection eggs with grape pomace extract compared to other groups, but the A/ G ratio did not affect. The previous trend was also observed at five weeks of age.
11. Grape pomace extract treatments (T4 and T6) had significantly decreased plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL of day old chicks and for 35 DOA, chicks compared with the control groups. However, HDL was increased significantly in (T4 andT6) groups.
12. Plasma calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALK.P) activities concentration of day old chicks were significantly increased by in ovo injection of grape pomace extract (T6and T4) followed by (T2) compared with the control groups.
13. Plasma transaminases activity (ALT and AST) was significantly higher in all groups compared with the control groups.
14. Results showed considerable improvements in the antioxidative status of chicks that hatched from in ovo injection of grape pomace extract. At hatch, plasma glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly higher in treated compared to untreated (control) groups.
15. Superoxide dismutase activity was significantly higher in birds T4 and T6 group compared with those of control chicks.
16. Catalase activity has a similar trend as the other antioxidant enzymes, where it increased significantly by treatments.
17. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was significantly lower in T4 andT6 groups than in untreated chicks at hatch.
18. At hatch, plasma thyroid hormones concentration was significantly higher in treated chicks compared with the controls, also, T3 / T4 ratio was increased in the T4 group.
19. Immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) levels were increased significantly in T4 and T6 groups compared with those of the control group.
20. In ovo injection with grape pomace extract improved the histological structure of the bursa Fabricius gland as the one main lymphoid in birds in terms of B lymphocyte production.
21. The histological structure of the liver was greatly improved with healthy parenchyma of hepatocytes in all an injected groups and Small intestine of broiler chicken (35 days old) observed increasing length of intestinal villi tips with goblet cells in T4.
from the previous results, it could be concluded that:
In ovo feeding eggs with natural sources of antioxidant (grape pomace) in the amnion of developing broiler embryos at the 17.5th day of incubation could be used as an effective tool for improving subsequent post hatch productive performance and increased meat yield at the marketing age, antioxidant and immunological status of broiler chicks without adverse effects on hatchability traits. Grape pomace could improve bone resorption and remodeling in broilers which may help reduce leg problems in fast- growing chicks.
It is concluded that, under the conditions of the present study, the best time of in ovo feeding of grape pomace was the 17.5th day of incubation period, which improved productive, physiological and immunological status of hatched chicks.