الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is one of the most rapidly growing sectors of multidisciplinary sciences during the last four decades. It is based on exploiting new chemical and physical properties of matter depending on having their particle sizes within the nanoscale. These properties are extremely different owing to their small sizes and large ratios of surface area to volume.
At the nanoscale level, the properties of material are significantly different from their macroscopic bulk properties. Nanotechnology is also referred to the ability of designing, characterization, production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the nanometer scale.