الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Egypt is considered one of the richest countries with a large number of monuments from several different civilizations. Documenting these monuments is an important thing that the concerned authorities are keen on. Laser scanners are currently widely used in monument documentation and many other surveying fields, where laser scanner provides a very dense point cloud recording the position (X, Y, Z) and color model (RGB) with reasonable accuracy, then these data are used to build 3D models and cartography.
Sometimes there are gap areas that are not observed by laser scanners. The reasons for these gaps are different planes of an object, the existence of an obstacle between the object and the laser scanner, and a personal mistake while choosing the scan width on the laser scanner. Digital cameras are easy to buy, use and open new areas in surveying. They can be exploited for surveying and recording objects. Using digital Photogrammetry can be a vital way of collecting data that overcomes the previously mentioned problem. Multi overlapped images are taken with a very large number of target points of the gap areas, and the coordinates of these images can be determined with very high accuracy due to the high resolution and scale of digital photos nowadays.
The main objective of the current research is to integrate the scanned areas by the Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) with the digital multi-image data to cover the gaps. In this context, the Direct Linear Transformation (DLT) equations are applied to transform the image coordinates to ground coordinates (TLS coordinates). Also, an algorithm using least squares adjustment for transforming the image coordinates to the ground coordinates using MATLAB is developed. After that, the accuracy of integrating the laser scanner data with multiple images was studied to fill the gaps throughout the 3D model. To achieve the above-mentioned goal, four field experiments were done under different conditions.
The first and second field experiments were done to validate the algorithm and the integration of laser scanner data with digital Photogrammetry data. The third was done to judge the effect of the distribution of the common points around the required points, the last field experiment goal was to identify the ideal conditions for the integration of laser scanner and digital Photogrammetric data.
The developed software to transform the photo coordinates to ground ones to compensate for the gaps in laser scanner data was designed using MATLAB 2018a to create an easy graphical user interface (GUI), where the program is named laser scanner Gap Compensation Program (LDGCP). Based on the obtained results, the success of the supposed technique and the computer algorithm in collecting the needed data to form a 3D model without any gaps is clear, where the supposed technique can be applied to form a complete 3D model without gaps, with accuracy (11 mm to 22mm). Finally, the developed software of the current thesis is recommended to be used for the automatic computation of coordinates of points from laser scanner data merged with multi-digital images data, through minimum fieldwork using available low-cost tools such as mobile phone cameras.