الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
This thesis consists of four main chapters and aimed to fabricate and design new electrodes and adsorbents for desalination and dye removal respectively. Where, Water scarcity and lack of its resources are the most important challenges facing our planet, wastewater reuse and sea water desalination are one of our top priorities.
Chapter 1. It contains the introduction and includes the definition of nanometric materials and the different desalination methods, including desalination using the method of deionization using condensers.
Chapter 2: This chapter contains a description of each of the dyes under study, the electrical and physical absorption process, the factors affecting them, and a full description of all the devices used to perform the characterization of the oxides under study. This chapter also contains the experimental part of the thesis and a full description of the materials and solutions used during the study and the methods used to prepare bio-carbon titanium oxynitride and organic polymers (lignin and cellulose acetate).
Chapter 3: This chapter includes listing and discussing the results obtained. This chapter has been divided into two main parts:
The first part about water desalination via capacitive deionization, the fabrication and utilization of titanium oxynitride (TixOyNz) nanoparticles as stable non-carbon-electrodes for capacitive deionization. The oxynitride nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple template-free approach and fully characterized using XRD XPS, Raman, SEM, and BET techniques. Moreover, the fabricated electrodes were electrochemically evaluated via cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. The electrode exhibited a pseudocapacitance behavior with a specific capacitance of 150 F/g. A symmetric configuration CDI setup was constructed, enabling the investigation of the effect of different flow rates and voltages. Remarkably, the TixOyNz CDI cell revealed a salt adsorption capacity (SAC) of up to 56.6 mg/g with fast adsorption kinetics. Moreover, the electrodes retained " ~ "100 % of its initial SAC even after 1960 cycles over 110 days of continuous testing. Furthermore, several post- characterization techniques such as XPS, XRD, FTIR, and potential of zero charge have been deeply studied and analyzed to unravel the observed exceptional stability of the tested electrodes.
For water treatment part, we successfully synthesize biocarbon via hydrothermal technique, which i capable of removing Reactive Red 195 (RR195) dye from wastewater efficiently, composite of HPBC@10-MnO2 composite, at 100oC for 12 h via one step preparation hydrothermal technique to effectively control the morphology and crystallite size of the composite. The compositions of the as-synthesized products were investigated using FT-IR, FE-SEM, XRD, pHc, BET, and thermal analyses. Adsorption study showed a greater adsorption capacity (157 mg g-1) of the as-prepared composite toward RR195 dye. The adsorption of RR195 dye followed pseudo second-order kinetics. Furthermore, the equilibrium adsorption of RB5 dye was best described by a Langmuir isotherm model and the calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG° -15.998 to -20.00 kJ mol-1): ∆H° (39.07 KJ.mol-1), and Ea (25.3 KJ.mol-1), indicate the spontaneous, endothermic, and physisorptive nature of the adsorption process.