الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This study was conducted on adapting the use of a small electric pesticide sprayer through the use of a solar energy system by an electric motor that draws its energy from a dry battery 12 volts with a capacity of 8 amps per hour and is charged through a solar energy system separate from the machine, which consists of a solar panel with photovoltaic cells Which is made of semiconductors and produces 20 watts and a charging regulator. The solar panel is installed on a metal holder and its pump draws the liquid from the tank and pumps it to the nozzle holder. Since the use of pesticides and other chemicals in agricultural applications are important element in maximizing production in the agricultural sector, a solar-powered pesticide sprayer has been developed and improved to achieve the following goals:
1- Reducing dependence on traditional energy, such as fossil fuels used to operate spraying machines, to counter the shortage and high cost of fuel.
2- Save time and reduce operating costs for field spraying operations compared with another types sprayers at the same capacity.
3- Reducing the negative impact on the environment and the pollution rates resulting from the use of traditional sources of energy generation.
4- Achieving uniformity and homogeneity of the number of droplets deposited on experimental tests conducted on conjunction with the operation of the pesticide spraying machine included two tests:
• The first test: the laboratory experiment that determine the number of precipitated droplets and their coverage percentage of the square area of the target and related to three different levels of speed of the DC electric motor, which derives its power from a battery.
• The second test is a field experiment procedure to evaluate the full battery charging time and the discharging time at different motor speeds related to energy consumption and field performance rate.
Experiments were conducted and the components of the system were tested on a small farm in the Farafra Oasis in the Western Desert in the New Valley Governorate during the period 2020/2021 to operate a solar knapsack sprayer that draws energy directly from a solar photovoltaic generator. Therefore, the research includes conducting laboratory and field experiments to highlight and evaluate the results in this research on Study the following factors:-
a.Changing the rotational speed of the starting motor to three operating levels (2000, 2700 and 3400 rpm) and evaluatin the rate of flow produced from multi-boom sprayer nozzels wiche moves sideways by the operator.
b. The angle of the spray cone for three nozzels .
c. The rate of addition (liters/fed) of the spraying liquid in relation to the tested area and to be treated and its percentage per fedan unit.
d. The energy variables of the solar energy system and storage unit (battery) as the charging time during exposure of the solar panel to rays and the effect of solar radiation on the voltage outside the solar panel and inside the battery through the charging regulator, as well as the rate of battery discharge at three speeds, as well as the different loads of the motor.The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows:-
Firstly, the results of laboratory experiments:
1-The results of the statistical analysis showed that:
• There is no significant difference in the average number of droplets deposited on the industrial target when using the three different levels of electric motor speeds, but there is a significant difference in the mean values of the lateral distances between the third speed (3400 rpm) and each of the first and second speeds (2000, 2700 rpm)
• There is no significant difference in the target coverage area at the three levels of electric motor speeds (2000, 2700, 3400 rpm).
• There is no significant difference in the target coverage area at the different lateral distances [80 cm, 40 cm, 0, -40 cm, -80 cm], which sum represents the service width during the experiment divided into equal interstitial distances.
2-The results indicate that the best and highest coverage percentage and the number of droplets deposited on an area of 1 cm2 of the industrial target are estimated at 28% - 146.33 droplets, which is achieved at a rotational speed of 3400 rpm.
3-The amount of sedimentation for the number of droplets and the percentage of the coverage area on the industrial target ranges from 30-146.33 droplets/cm2 and 13.96-27.96% per 1cm2 and at a speed ranging from 2000-3400 rev/min, respectively.
4-The results show that the spray intensity, which is represented in the number of droplets and the coverage area of the industrial targets used in the experiment, is concentrated in the middle region and slightly less in the edge region.
5-The behavior of the sprayer and the angle of the spray cone increases with increasing rotational speed to range between 0.85-1.33 L/min and 76-86° at a speed of 2000-3400 rpm.
Secondly, The results of field experiments:
1-The actual time to fully recharge the battery without a load takes about 330 minutes (5.5 hours) during the period from nine in the morning until two and a half hours to raise the voltage from 10.55 to 13.85 volts when the values of solar radiation range between 397 to 1290 watt hours / m2 .
2- The values of the potential difference outside the charging regulator and connected to the solar panel The battery discharge time changes when the voltage drops 13.85 - 10.55 volts at full load according to the change in the speed of the motor and the intensity of the current and is estimated at about 4 to 9 hours at a current of 0.97-1.95 amps and at a rotational speed of 2000-3400 rpm.
3- It can cover areas of spray fluid ranging from 3 to 6.82 fedan when spraying heavy or an addition rate ranging from 67 to 104.7 liters per fedan during a working day (6 operating hours).
• The spray intensity was significantly increased with nozzle discharging. Maximum spray deposition occurred at the center of the spray and the deposition of droplets decreased with width of spray.
• A proposed system made it possible the use of easy or advantageous principle over storing sun energy among battery through a constant supply of voltage from solar charge controller and then with the use of selected pump then lifts the liquid from the tank via one outlet and supplies to the boom sprayer.
• solar sprayers are concerning large advantage, due to the fact it is easy into building with convenient weight. the machine has minimum welded parts; that makes assembly, disassembly pretty easy and makes the sprayer portable.
• This technology is most suitable for Energy Alternate agricultural machine for powering sprayers and the same technique and technology can also be extended for all types of agricultural sprayers.
• The lightweight advantage makes maneuverability easy.
• from an economic point of view, The minimum operational cost per fed for the solar sprayer was estimated at (27.8 L.E./fed) and this value is less compared with (35.5 L.E./fed and 37.8 L.E./fed ) for manually sprayer and gasoline knapsack sprayer respectively . Therefore the cost was saved by using solar sprayer and it is highly economic and practical value in the agricultural sector Especially in desert locations, where energy sources and trained labor are scarce.
Recommendations:
1- Further research to improve performance rate by using most suitable components and selection original electrical elements such as DC motor , charge controller and battery to length the life time for the machine .
2- Replacing solar power with the other Agriculture application will help to overcome the shortage on fossil fuels and electricity.
3- The capacity of the battery can be increased in the future depending upon the energy requirements.
4- Further lookup in accordance with improves overall performance rate by using the use of just appropriate DC motor.
5- In a closer future, with the use of new technologies, such as multiple cells with different bands and also light concentrators, it may be possible to enhance the efficiency of solar panels