الفهرس 
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Abstract
”The present study was performed in Dakahlia province, Egypt, at hygienic and zoonoses department for a period 11 monthes, from October 2019 to August 2020 for isolation, identification and molecular characterization of E. coli and Salmonella species through 274 samples, under the following items:1. Occurrence of E. coli and Salmonella in pigeons: isolates from cloacal swabs were (97.3%, 2.03%), feather swabs (80%, 3.8%), and egg samples (57.7%, 3.84%). 2. Occurrence of E. coli and Salmonella in environment: isolates from water samples were (47.37%, 10.5%), and from feed samples (42.57%, 0%).3. Occurrence of E. coli and Salmonella in humans: isolates from human stool samples were (65%, 5%) and from human hand swabs (61.11%, 22.22%).4- Serotyping of E. coli and Salmonella isolates: The serotypes of E. coli isolates were O78, H91:O21, H2:O6, O128:H2, O159 and O146:H21 isolated from pigeon cloacal samples, O78 and O1:H7 from pigeon’s egg samples, from feed samples O91:H21, water samples O128:H2 and O78, from human hand swabs O26:H11, O128:H2, O17:H18, O55:H7 and O91:H21 and from human stool samples O124, O78 and O26:H11. The most common serotype of nine Salmonella isolates was S. kentucky (n=3) isolated from pigeon cloacal samples and egg samples, and human stool samples, followed by S. enteritidis (n=2) isolated from pigeon feed samples and human hand swabs, then one serotype for each S. wingrove, S. typhimurium, S. larochelle, and S. tsevie which were isolated from pigeon cloacal samples, pigeon water samples, and human hand swabs, respectively. 5. Molecular confirmation and characterization of virulence genes of some E. coli and Salmonella spp. isolates : 20 representative E. coli isolates detected by using PCR, also some virulence associated genes (stx1, stx2 and eaeA) In addition to, Identification and confirmation of Salmonella serotypes and some virulence associated genes (invA, hilA, and fimH). The results indicated that stx2 gene is the most prevalent gene (13/20, 65%), followed by the stx1 gene (11/20, 55%), and the eaeA gene was in one isolate. Moreover, three virulence genes were recorded in 9 Salmonella isolates using multiplex PCR, the invA gene was detected in all 9 isolates (100%), while hilA and fimH genes were recorded in 7 (77.8%) and 6 (66.7%) of 9 isolates, respectively. 6. Antibiotic sensitivity profiles of some E. coli and Salmonella isolates: All the tested E. coli isolates (100%) were found to be resistant to erythromycin. Moreover, about 95%, 80%, 70%, 70%, 65%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 45%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, and 5% resistant to cefotaxime, sulphamethoxazole, clindamycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, cephradine, penicillin G, norocillin, cephalothin, doxycycline, neomycin, amikacin, ampicillin, gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Similarly, all isolates of Salmonella spp. (100%) were resistant to erythromycin and nalidixic acid. In addition, about 77.8%, 66.7%, 55.6%, 55.6%, 44.4%, 44.4%, 44.4%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 33.3%, 22.2%, 22.2%, and 11.1% resistant to cephradine, norocillin, cefotaxime, sulphamethoxazole, clindamycin, penicillin G, cephalothin, tetracycline, neomycin, ampicillin, gentamicin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, and amikacin, respectively. Recommendations: Adequate cleaning, effect regular disinfection of pigeon’s lofts, isolation and culling of diseased pigeons, avoid contamination of feed and water and owners education. Awarners should be directed to antibiotic used in pigeon’s drinking water, feed as growth promotors to avoid high level of antibiotic resistance.