الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Water resources in Egypt are limited as the main source is the Nile River (55.5 billion m3) and about 80% of all resources are consumed in agriculture. Therefore, it is imperative to use modern irrigation systems not only in the new land but also in the old lands. Accordingly, policies of irrigation development and rationalization of water use should be based on proper water management in old land by following the strategies of On-Farm Irrigation Management which increase crop yield and water use efficiency.
The Egyptian irrigation system is considered one of the foremost complicated systems within the world. The Nile River irrigation system fed from the high Aswan dam comprises a vast network of privately-owned feeder canals, main canals and branch (secondary) canals which deliver water to the privately owned Mesqas (tertiary channels) and water is conveyed from the Mesqas to the field by farm ditches or (merwas).
Both Mesqas (Lateral canale) and Marwas (Privat canale owned, operated and maintained by farmers. Operation of the system has traditionally been based on rotational water deliveries to individual branch canals, International Fund for Agricultural Development. (IFAD 2012)
Developing the system in the field by changing from a below earthen Marwa to low pressure buried UPVC irrigation pipelines and irrigating the farm by using butterfly valves and hydrants systems or changing them by lined lifted (U-section).
Main objective of this study evaluating the developed the surface irrigation system compared with traditional irrigation meska and marwas in Upper Egypt.
Experimental work was carried out according to the implemented designs in Upper Egypt at Assiut governorate – El-Fath Center in Arab El-Atawlah and Arab motair branch canal.
Various designs were selected on the Arab Mutair Canal and evaluated technically and economically
The results of the pilot test showed the following
Therefore, the recommendations were the result of this research, which are
When working on any field irrigation development area, it must be well studied, whether technically or economically, with calculating the return on production and calculating the cost of construction.
Using modern hydraulic calculation programs, which represent simulation systems to assist in decision-making.
A good study of the design with more than one scenario to choose the ideal scenario and its proposal and re-evaluation.
Use technique of scenario 1 after redesign to save more than 70% economic price
APPLICABLE RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the recorded results, it is often observed that:
1) the buried pipes and lining mesqa have many advantages such as: Saving irrigation Water, minimizing the drainage problems. Improving use efficiency, equitable water distribution, minimal cost and increased crop yields.
2) The Utilization of buried pipes and lining mesqa has increased the conveyance efficiency, application efficiency, irrigation water efficiency and high remarkable crop yield. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize the developed canals for irrigation water conveyance in the upper Egypt region, especially the buried pipes.
3) Therefore, it is recommended to utilize the developed canals for irrigation water conveyance in the upper Egypt region, especially the buried pipes.
4) The addition of water through buried pipes was the best method for the water delivery system. This kind of mesqa had a significant effect on water conveyance efficiency, lowering of water table level and conservation of water quality.
Recommendations for further studies
1) Actual application of design systems in Water CAD system on the ground
2) The use of butterfly valves instead of the hydrant, because it gives the ability to use the systems after that in any advanced irrigation system, whether tabbed pipes or pressure irrigation systems. The hydrant is like a pipe with a flange and has a movable tip
CONCLUSION
Priority is given to apply On-Farm Irrigation Development in Old lands (OFIDO) national project in all old lands where it leads to the following:
• Equitable distribution of irrigation water for all farms on (Mesqa).
• Uses the buried pipes instead of Traditional mesqʼs and marawʼs led to the increased agricultural area.
• Raise the conveyance efficiency.
• Raise the application efficiency.
• Decreasing irrigation time from.
• Increasing productivity of wheat and sorghum.
• Increasing Field Water Use Efficiency (FWUE).