الفهرس 
Review of LiteratureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
S
moking is one of the most significant and preventable health problems of our time. The duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes strongly affecting the rate of morbidity and mortality.
Smoking is highly associated with respiratory diseases as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Also affects skin, soft tissues, immune system, increasing incidence of bacterial infections, impairs wound healing and bone mineral density.
Also Smoking also can cause or worsen several ocular pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration, ischemic optic neuropathy, hypertensive retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma, thyroid orbitopathy, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and strabismus in the offspring of smoking parents. Many of these diseases lead to irreversible blindness.
In this meta-analysis we studied the influence of tobacco smoking on retinal layers and choroidal thickness, 13 studies are included in this meta-analysis all were published between 2000 and 2021. All are observational studies. The mean age ranged between 20.2-65 years in smokers and between 21.63-65 in non-smokers.
The Central Macular Thickness (CMT) mean baseline ranged between 208 to 270.48 μm in smokers and between 210 to 267.09 μm in non-smokers.
The mean Subfoveal choroidal thickness baseline ranged between 251.5 to 377.48 μm in smokers and between 251.6 to 385.08 μm in non-smokers.
The mean Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) baseline ranged 12.04 to 104.34 μm between in smokers and between 12.37 to 106.43 μm in non-smokers.
This study demonstrated no statistically significant difference in central macular, choroidal and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness between both groups of smokers and non-smokers.
CONCLUSION
T
here was no evidence of an association between tobacco smoking and changes in choroidal, central macular or retinal nerve fibre layer thickness. Future research on this interesting and important topic could aid in the prevention and treatment of smoking-related illnesses.