الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The present study was conducted to assess the health impact of exposure to estrogenic compounds from diet on sex hormone disturbances and to evaluate the range of exposure to dietary naturally occurring and synthetic estrogenic compounds among studied. Especially, as global since consumption increases, greater awareness and attention of the endocrine-disrupting properties of our diet is needed.
The study was adapted on cross-sectional population and was be conducted on (84) selected adults valuators from both gender (40 male and 44 female) according to certain criteria as following: Inclusion Criteria was (Age females 25-50 and males 25-50 years old, generally good healthy) while Exclusion Criteria was (Pregnancy (positive pregnancy test) and lactation, History of moderate to severe brain injury, Past or present use of hormonal therapy and chemotherapy). All subjects were negative at HCV, HBV, and pregnancy tests. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated as (weight (kg)/height (m)2). Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture and allocated into three tubes (Plain, Florid, EDTA).
They were clustering into different groups based on their Dietary Estrogenic-Like Compound and its metabolites according to the level of exposure which were determine according to the detection limits of each compound as follow:
• Pesticide group was dived into two major groups (Organochloride and organophosphate):
A. Organochloride include:
i. Subjects who were highly exposed to ∑ Hexachlorocyclohexane (Alfa + Beta HCH) were compared to others who low exposed to ∑TBHC.
ii. Subjects who were highly exposed to ∑ Aldrin (Aldrin + Dieldrin) were compared to others who low exposed to ∑ Aldrin.
iii. Subjects who were highly exposed to ∑DDT (DDE+ DDT) compared to others who were low exposed to ∑ DDT.
iv. Subjects who were highly exposed to Endosulfan compared to others who were low exposed to ∑ Endosulfan.
B. Organophosphates were represented by Butyl Cholinesterase activity among group subjects above cut off and below than cut off (optimal cut-off value of serum ChE was ≥7356).
• Phthalates:
a) Subjects who were highly exposed to DMP compared to others who were low exposed to DMP.
b) Subjects who were highly exposed to DEP compared to others who low were exposed to DEP
c) Subjects who were highly exposed to DBP compared to others who were low exposed to DBP
d) Subjects who were highly exposed to DEHP compared to others who were low exposed to DEHP.
• Bisphenol A
Subject was highly exposed to BPA (detected level more than cut off level = 0.72 ng/ml) which compared to low exposed to BPA
• Isoflavone (phytoestrogen)
Two major derivatives of isoflavones were detected in all studied sample and studied subjects were grouped according to cut off of each
Genistein = 3.9 ng/ ml, daidzein = 4.7ng/ml.
Results of this investigation could be summarized as follows:
1. Pesticides may disrupt sex hormonal function in all stages of hormonal regulation. In present study, two categories of pesticides metabolites were detected in studied subjects blood organochlorines (HCH (ie, BCH), DDT, Aldrin, Endosulfan), organophosphates (represented by Cholinesterase inhibition activity).
i. Present study showed a significant reduction in male testosterone and significant elevation in FSH in highly exposed subjects. Also, there was a significantly strong negative correlation between ∑ HCH and serum testosterone and a moderate positive correlation with E2 level. HCH exposure in this study causes a significant decrease in FSH and LH in females who were directly exposed to HCH and its detected metabolites in their serum and showed a strong inverse correlation with FSH and LH level.
ii. DDT exposure effect on male subjects in this study showed decrease total, FT, BT, FAI, and T/E2 ratio and also ∑ DDT metabolites detected in serum showed a strong inverse correlation with T, FT, BT, FAI, T/E2 ratio and positive strong correlation with progesterone level. In female subjects, DDT exposure causes a significant decrease in Estradiol and significant elevation in the level of progesterone. Data in the present study showed a significant strong negative correlation between DDT metabolites and level of E2, ALT while SHBG showed a strong positive correlation.
iii. Results in current study cleared that endosulfan exposure increase progesterone and FSH levels and decrease T/E2 ratio in subject expose to endosulfan and other who less exposure. the current result cleared that there was a strong negative correlation between endosulfan exposure and T, FT, BT, FAI, and T/E2 and positively correlate with E2. This study showed a significant decrease in E2 and FAI levels in female subjects who highly exposed to endosulfan while BMI levels showed a significant increase by exposure to endosulfan. estradiol and LH showed a negative correlation with endosulfan detected level.
iv. Current study showed a strong direct correlation between RBS and HBA1c and aldrin exposure but there was no significant difference in other parameters.
v. Measurement of ChE inhibition has been considered as a biomarker of exposure to organophosphate. In the current study, the serum ChE activity, as a biological indicator of OPCs exposure, in the male subject showed a positive strong correlation with T, FT, BT, and T/E2 while in females it showed a mild positive correlation with LH and FSH. However, in female subject ChE of the high-level group showed a significant reduction in the level of BMI, FSH, and LH than the other sub-group.
2. Phthalates can interfere with the concentrations, signaling, and/or functions of sex hormones which altered reproductive hormones. The phthalates metabolites, that are focused of this study were: diethyl phthalate (DEP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and were determined in the serum of studied samples.
• The present study showed that DMP exposure was significantly reduced the total and free testosterone in male subjects and caused significant elevation in female LH level.
• DEP exposure can cause a reduction in the level of testosterone by different forms (T, FT, BT), FAI, and T/E2 ratio, and DEP showed a negative association with testosterone and T /E2 ratio. This study showed that there was a significant elevation in FT, LH, FSH, E2 level in subjects who were highly exposed to DEP and there were a strong correlation between DEP exposure and FT, LH, FSH, E2 level in females.
• In male subjects, DBP exposure caused a significant reduction in T, FT, BT, FAI, and T/E2 ratio while FSH and LH were positively associate with DBP level and negatively with E2 in female subjects.
• The data of this study showed that, DEHP exposure cause a significant reduction in free, bioactive, total testosterone, T/E2 ratio, and a significant decrease in E2 level in males. In addition, it cause elevation of FSH, LH, and reduction in E2 and progesterone levels as a result of DEHP exposure in female subjects.
3. BPA is a common xenoestrogens with an endocrine Interference effect, as it acts on hormonal levels by altering hormonal balance and inducing estrogenic effects. Data in the current study showed that total, free and bioactive testosterone, and FAI were significantly decreased in adult males while Estradiol was significantly increased. While there were significant increases in total, free and bioactive testosterone, E2, T/E2 ratio, and FAI in adult females who highly exposed to BPA. BPA also, disrupts liver enzymes in this study.
4. Isoflavones that have been reported as EDC were mainly genistein and daidzein. In our study, there was no significant effect of genistein and daidzein metabolites level on sex hormones in both genders