الفهرس 
Introduction and Literature ReviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Qarun lake is located between longitudes of 30 º 24` & 30 º 49` E and latitude of 29 º 24` & 29 º 33` N; latitudes at 43-44 m below the sea level. Its surface area is about 243 km2 with an irregular shape of about 40 Km length and 6.7 Km maximum width, mean depth 4 m with water volume about one Billion m3 and it lies in the arid zone, so it is considered as a tropical lake. Also, the lake is the third largest lake in Egypt. The lake received its water from agriculture waste of El Fayoum province via El-Wadi and El-Bats drains.
Qarun lake suffers from a serious water pollution problem which is due to uncontrolled solid and liquid domestic and industrial waste disposal practices. In addition to agrochemical contamination and lack of sustainable wastewater management. The Lake suffered drastic chemical changes during the last years where it is used as a general reservoir for agricultural wastewaters drainage of El-Fayoum Governorate, as well as for the drainage of the fish farms. For this reason, Qarun lake was extensively studied for their water quality, physicochemical properties and water quality management for Qarun Lake water due to the effect of drains wastewater discharging into the lake. In addition, to investigate different scenarios for pollution limitation considering prevention, treatment, and control.
Twelve water samples beside two main drains (El-Bats drain and El-Wadi drain) were collected from different localities along Qarun lake. Samples were collected seasonally, during the period of autumn 2016 – summer 2017. The present study was designated to water quality management for Qarun Lake water and to assess the levels of heavy metals (Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Cr3+, Pb2+, and Cd2+) in Qarun lake water. In addition, to Investigate different scenarios for pollution limitation considering prevention, treatment, and control.
The present work includes three chapters; a brief description of these chapters is given as follows:
The first chapter is related to introduction of the thesis where the environmental status of Qarun lake water and two drains (El-Bats and El-Wadi drains) are given from the historical background and the literature survey for physico-chemical studies of water.
The second chapter contains the experimental parts including sampling techniques, description of the selected and investigated sampling stations and describing the methods applied to determine the physical and chemical parameters in water and methods for model.
The third chapter includes the obtained results, their discussion and data analysis during the period of study. The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
1.1. Water Analysis
1.1.1. Physical characteristics
• Water temperature depends upon the climatic conditions and sampling time collection. It ranged between (12.80-29.10°C) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, temperature ranged between (16.10-26.30°C) and (16-28.50oC) respectively.
• Transparency was affected by domestic sewage, industrial and agricultural effluents and fluctuated between (15-80 cm) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, transparency ranged between (5-10 cm) and (10-15 cm) respectively.
• Electrical conductivity depends on the concentration of total dissolved solids in the water body and it varies between (19.30-55.00 mS/cm) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, EC ranged between (2.52-4.87 mS/cm) and (2.58-6.76 mS/cm) respectively.
• The total solids (TS) content is a very useful parameter describing the chemical constituents of water. It is affected greatly by discharged effluents and the obtained values were in the range of (14.29-40.26 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, TS ranged between (1.81-3.68 mg/L) and (1.89-4.90 mg/L) respectively.
• The total dissolved solids (TDS) increased at the stations considered as points of discharges. TDS values fluctuated between (14.24-40.20 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, TDS ranged between (1.74-3.62 mg/L) and (1.85-4.82 mg/L) respectively.
• The total suspended solids (TSS) also were affected by agricultural and domestic effluents discharged into Qarun lake water and the obtained values were in the range of (13-75.12 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, TSS ranged between (57-89.62 mg/L) and (45-79.64 mg/L) respectively.
1.1.2. Chemical characteristics
• pH values ranged between (7.91-8.75) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, pH ranged between (7.32-7.79) and (7.47-7.83) respectively.
• Dissolved oxygen values (DO) ranged between (3.60-15.00 mg/L). While in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, DO ranged between (2.63-6.65 mg/L) and (2.17-5.83 mg/L) respectively.
• The biological oxygen demand ranged between (4.05-13.12 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, BOD ranged between (5.95-9.81 mg/L) and (5.14-8.26 mg/L) respectively.
• The chemical oxygen demand values ranged between (10.40-35.48 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, COD ranged between (4.00-28.54 mg/L) and (2.40-30.93 mg/L) respectively.
• Major anions:
A- Carbonate values ranged between (6.14-69.00 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, carbonate was zero in both drains.
B- Bicarbonate values ranged between (108.58-306.22 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, bicarbonate ranged between (286.14-349.12 mg/L) and (286.14-331.20 mg/L) respectively.
C- Chloride values ranged between (5299.10-14817 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, Chloride ranged between (496.8-1264 mg/L) and (522.4-1754 mg/L) respectively.
D- Sulphate values ranged between (3837.66-11344 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, sulphate ranged between (399.6-787 mg/L) and (413-1078.4 mg/L) respectively.
• Major cations:
A- Calcium concentrations varied between (205.80-625.17 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, calcium ranged between (69.2-144 mg/L) and (74.1-118 mg/L) respectively.
B- Magnesium values ranged between (473.11-1473.27 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, magnesium ranged between (73.4-153 mg/L) and (86.7-174.8 mg/L) respectively.
C- Sodium values ranged between (4262.23-11794 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, sodium ranged between (409.3-853 mg/L) and (413.8-1368.5 mg/L) respectively.
D- Potassium values ranged between (75.87-242.71 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, potassium ranged between (31.7-66 mg/L) and (28.1-73.4 mg/L) respectively.
• Nutrient salts
A- The nitrite values fluctuated between (5.27-373.11 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, nitrite ranged between (319.81-683.59 µg/L) and (311.46-466.52 µg/L) respectively.
B- The nitrate concentrations fluctuated between (0.004-0.79 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, nitrate ranged between (0.688-1.127 µg/L) and (0.576-1.083 µg/L) respectively.
C- The ammonia concentrations ranged between (0.09-9.54 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, ammonia ranged between (3.045-13.923 µg/L) and (1.213-6.154 µg/L) respectively.
D- The total nitrogen concentrations ranged between (0.79-13.68 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, total nitrogen ranged between (6.193-18.22 µg/L) and (3.49-8.64 µg/L) respectively.
E- The orthophosphate concentrations fluctuated between (7.70-438.35 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, orthophosphate ranged between (185.35-518.43 µg/L) and (175.56-327.8 µg/L) respectively.
F- The total phosphorous concentrations fluctuated between (35.20-633.60 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, total phosphorous ranged between (426.8-1267.09 µg/L) and (342.1-541.86 µg/L) respectively.
G- The silicate concentrations ranged between (5.72-13.55 mg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, silicate ranged between (5.74-11.24 mg/L) and (6.33-10.49 mg/L) respectively.
• The heavy metal
The heavy metals results can be summarized as:
A- The iron concentrations fluctuated between (158.76-587.55 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, iron ranged between (299.46-614.22 µg/L) and (313.74-501 µg/L) respectively.
B- The manganese concentrations fluctuated between (11.31-59.60 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, manganese ranged between (18.88-56.99 µg/L) and (29.07-43.69 µg/L) respectively.
C- The copper concentrations fluctuated between (1.29-19.85 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, copper ranged between (19.11-34.18 µg/L) and (15.62-26.28 µg/L) respectively.
D- The zinc concentrations fluctuated between (12.69-61.92 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, zinc ranged between (70.71-116.27 µg/L) and (61.46-89.16 µg/L) respectively.
E- The nickel concentrations fluctuated between (3.97-12.82 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, nickel ranged between (15.29-25.24 µg/L) and (14.61-24.30 µg/L) respectively.
F- The chromium concentrations fluctuated between (3.49-26.98 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, chromium ranged between (16.32-27.13 µg/L) and (16.67-36.04 µg/L) respectively.
G- The lead concentrations fluctuated between (16.08-50.27 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, lead ranged between (32.61-65.13 µg/L) and (29.15-66.47 µg/L) respectively.
H- The cadmium concentrations fluctuated between (0.177-3.632 µg/L) while in El-Bats and El-Wadi drains, cadmium ranged between (2.084-3.200 µg/L) and (2.22-4.042 µg/L) respectively.
• Metal quality indices
A- Pollution Index (PI): Pollution index exhibited that Mn2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ have not polluted effect for aquatic life usage. On the other hand, Cd2+ and Cr3+ showed slight pollution to moderate effect at all station. Fe2+ showed slightly pollution effect at stations 1, 2, 7 and 8. Cu2+ showed slight pollution to strong effect at all station. Finally, Pb2+ showed strong pollution to serious effect at all stations
B- Metal index (MI): All selected sites in Qarun Lake are suffered from seriously metal pollution for the Aquatic life utilization.
1.2. Modeling
• Delft3D – version 4.01.00 was used as the modeling tool. Dynamic water quality modeling was achieved through the combined use of the Delft3D-FLOW (hydrodynamic module) and Delft3D-WAQ (water quality module) modules. The data set used for this model run is water quality data for years 2016 and 2017.
• The BOD and NH4+ level increased to higher levels due to intervention of the different pollution sources in Qarun lake region.
• Two different water quality management scenarios have been simulated to improve Qarun lake water quality.
• In the first scenario, Surface flow wetland treatment scenario can realize an increasing in the BOD and NH4+ values. Constructed wetlands have an advantage over natural because they can be designed specifically for the removal of contaminants. The removal rate for BOD are 57 % and 50 % for NH4+.
• In the Second scenario, the biomedia in the biofilm consists of individual racks made of wooden laths fixed to supporting rails. This system can treat municipal and industrial wastewater. It can also be used in agricultural drains. The percentage of removal is 90.8 % for BOD and 95 % for NH4+.
from the above mentioned results we can conclude the following:
1- The abnormal values of different physical and chemical parameters were recorded at stations affected by different wastes (agricultural, industrial and domestic) discharged into Qarun lake water at the area under investigation.
2- The proposed scenarios to solve the contaminated drains problems. According to the proposed water quality management results, the first proposed scenarios that based on applying surface flow wetland for treatment study area drains has a relatively limited effect on water quality improvement. By applying the second scenario that involved on using biological biofilm techniques, an improve lake water quality parameters which made the BOD and NH4+ satisfy the required limits in most lake various locations.
from the above mentioned results we can recommend the following:
Water quality management for Qarun lake water and the drains discharged into the lake by applying the two scenarios that based on applying surface flow wetland and biological biofilm techniques to improve and treatment the lake water quality parameters.