الفهرس 
Water classificationOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The subject of this thesis is the isolation of Lignin from grinded Apricot kernel, which accomplished in this work using an alkali method by sodium hydroxide solution. The product was stocked for the preparation of aqueous solutions containing several concentrations of lignin to be representative samples of wastewater containing lignin. Electrochemical cell was constructed for the wall work during the electrochemical treatment of wastewater includes electric DC power source and two sheets of both aluminum and iron were used as the working electrodes (anode and cathode) of the electrochemical cell.
Chapter 1 ”Introduction”:
This includes details about water classification and characteristics of raw water. In addition, there are literature survey on water pollution and Water treatment process. It contains also the theory of electrocoagulation.
Chapter 2 ”Experimental”:
This part includes the Chemicals, Materials, Methodology and the instruments used. It has the elemental analysis. It contains also full details about the determination of the parameters used.
Chapter 3 ”Results and Discussion”:
The first part includes characterization of lignin and industrial wastewater specifications by FTIR and Energy dispersive x-ray. There are detailed figures for all the measured data and charts of IR and EDX. The FTIR spectra of the produced isolated lignin and pure one was studied to show its characteristics. It was concluded from the Figure that all the peaks detected for the isolated lignin are similar to those of pure lignin and related to C-OH, CH, CH2, CH3 and C=O groups. Also, the grinded lignin was analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyzer system. The X-ray analysis chart shows that the isolated lignin contains each of C, Si, K and Ca elements. The elemental analysis of lignin for (C, H, N, and S) were determined by Leco Truspect (CHN) Analyzer showed that carbon was 28.35%, hydrogen was 5.19%, nitrogen 0.75% and sulfur was Nil. Then Lignin concentration of liquor was analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer with a resolution of 1 nm and the maximum absorbance was detected at λmax = 420 nm. Also, a sample of industrial wastewater is prepared, and all specifications measured.
The second part includes the effect of chemical coagulation method on the treatment of industrial wastewater. Showed that the effect of ferric chloride as conventional method of chemical coagulation on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) were studied. The best dose of ferric chloride that gives maximum removal of the studied parameter were 25 -30 ppm. Thus, this dose was taken in the comparison of electrocoagulation by using aluminum electrodes and iron electrodes in the next parts.
Third part includes a Comparative study of electro and chemical coagulation for efficient removal of lignin and some other pollutants from industrial wastewater using aluminum electrode.
The applied potential was changed at different time and pH values to study its impact on the removal of lignin:
• Firstly, concerning the potential, it is found that the removal percentage is increased by increasing the applied potential and the time taken to remove the lignin from the water is decreased.
• Secondly, with respect to effect of pH, as the pH of the solution increases at constant potential and time, in addition to increasing of removal percentage. The highest removal percentage value of lignin was found at pH 6 and 8 after 25 min. at applying potentials 10 and 12 volts, respectively.
Effect of applied potential and applied current density on the properties of cell electrodes was studied:
• It has been found that the percentage of weight loss increases by increasing the applied potential.
• Also, the weight loss increases with increasing the applied current density increases at constant potential and time. The highest percentage of weight loss for (Al-Al) electrode was 7.8% at 12V and 3.67 A after 25min.
Effect of distance between aluminum electrodes on the properties of the cell. The change in distance was studied in this work with the corresponding volts, ampere, time and weight loss of aluminum electrodes in the cell:
• showed that, as the distance increased the weight of aluminum electrode decreased at constant volts and amperes.
• Nevertheless, at the same distance the time is also a factor affected the weight of aluminum electrodes. Whereas the longest the time of operation gives the largest weight loss of aluminum electrode at different volts and amperes.
Cost estimation showed that the Al electrode achieve lowest consumption of electric current. In addition, it achieved the more efficient treatment as lignin isolation and water clarity.
Removal efficiency for (BOD, COD and TSS) of wastewater by using Chemical and electrochemical coagulation showed that the electro chemical coagulation was 53, 71 and 98% respectively and for chemical coagulation was 42, 32 and 35% respectively.
The effect of electro and chemical coagulation and combination of both on the specification of treated water compared and studied. showed that the parameter studied for treated water by using electrocoagulation technique (with Al-Al electrodes) in this work was enhanced and gives better results than chemical coagulation. In addition, they have given an excellent water clarity when used together in the clarification of the examined industrial wastewater.
Fourth part includes a comparative study of electro and chemical coagulation for efficient removal of lignin and some other pollutants from industrial wastewater using iron electrode.
The applied potential was changed at different time and pH values to study its impact on the removal of lignin:
• Firstly, concerning the potential, it is found that the removal percentage is increased by increasing the applied potential and the time taken to remove the lignin from the water is decreased.
• Secondly, with respect to effect of pH, as the pH of the solution increases at constant potential and time, in addition to increasing of removal percentage. The highest removal percentage value of lignin was found at pH 6 and 8 after 25 min. at applying potentials 10 and 12 volts, respectively.
Effect of applied potential and applied current density on the properties of cell electrode was studied:
• It has been found that the percentage of weight loss increases by increasing the applied potential.
• Also, the weight loss increases with increasing the applied current density increases at constant potential and time.
• The highest percentage of weight loss for (Fe-Fe) electrode was (1.93%) at 8 V and A (1.24Am) after (10) minuets.
Effect of distance between iron electrodes on the properties of cell. The change in distance was studied in this work with the corresponding volts, ampere, time and weight loss of iron electrodes in the cell:
• As the distance increased the weight of iron electrode decreased at constant volts and amperes. Also, the change in distance accompanied by significant change in the applied amperes of the cell
• Nevertheless, at the same distance the time is also a factor affected the weight of iron electrodes. Whereas the longest the time of operation gives the largest weight loss of iron electrode at different volts and amperes.
Removal efficiency for (BOD, COD and TSS) of wastewater by using Chemical and electrochemical coagulation showed that the electrochemical coagulation was 50, 68 and 96% respectively. While chemical coagulation was 42, 32 and 35% respectively.
The effect of electro and chemical coagulation and combination of both on the specification of treated water compared and studied. Showed that the parameter studied for treated water by using electrocoagulation technique (Fe-Fe electrodes) in this work was enhanced and gives better results than chemical coagulation. In addition, they have given an excellent water clarity when used together in the clarification of the examined industrial wastewater.
Cost estimation showed that by comparing the energy consumption in case of using iron and aluminum electrodes the results indicate that, the using of aluminum electrode achieve lowest consumption of electric current. In addition, it achieved the more efficient treatment as lignin isolation and water clarity.