الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide and patients with this sight threatening disease are expected to grow as dietary habits are changing especially in developing nations. The progression of retinopathy is gradual, advancing from mild abnormalities, characterized by increased vascular permeability, to moderate, severe non-proliferative till proliferative DR characterized by the growth of new blood vessels on the retina and on the posterior surface of the vitreous. Several factors have been identified as determinants for the development of DR and its progression, including type and duration of DM, age, sex, smoking, glycemic control, hypertension and dyslipidemia. For the past two decades, optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used as a routine technique for ocular imaging. It is considered as an ideal technique because it is a non-invasive technique and in the same time is able to give high-resolution (1–10 μm), depth-resolved, and cross-sectional images. This study was conducted to study the epidemiology and the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among diabetic retinopathy patients attending the outpatient clinic of Mansoura ophthalmic center through one year. This study included 200 patients with diabetic retinopathy recruited from Mansoura ophthalmic center, Mansoura University Hospitals, Egypt. After obtaining a written informed consent, the cases were subjected to full history taking and full ophthalmological examination. Spectral domain OCT 1000 was used to obtain retinal images. Laboratory investigations were conducted for all the cases included HBA1C, lipid profile and serum creatinine The results of this study showed that: The mean age of the cases was 55.23 ± 9.28 years and the median age was 57 years with range between 21 and 76. Among the cases, there were 72 males (36%) and 128 females (64%). Regarding the associated comorbidities and risk factors, 20 cases (10%) were smokers, 142 cases (71%) were hypertensive, hepatitis was present in 42 cases (21%) ,renal dysfunction in 15 cases (7.5%) and dyslipidaemia in 129 cases (64.5%). The duration of the disease ranged from 7 months up to 30 years and the majority of the cases received insulin as treatment for DM. Regarding the results of fundus examination, of the included eyes, mild NPDR was found in 30.25% of the eyes, moderate NPDR in 42.75% of the cases, sever NPDR in 16% and PDR in 11% of the eyes. The mean macular thickness was statistically significantly higher in the cases with HTN and cases with hepatitis. There was no statistically significant difference in the macular thickness according to sex, smoking or family history of DM. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean macular thickness between the eyes according to the findings of fundus examination. The highest macular thickness was reported with the eyes with sever NPDR. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between macular thickness with age, disease duration, HBA1C, serum creatinine, cholesterol level and TGs level. There was a statistically significant negative correlation between macular thickness and BCVA. Linear regression analysis, revealed that cholesterol level and BCVA had statistically significant predictive ability for macular thickness. Recommendations 1. Regular follow up and close monitoring for patients with diabetes for early detection of associated complications. 2. Performing further studies along different durations to assess the retinal changes and correlate it with degree of diabetic control. 3. Performing further studies to compare the accuracy of OCT with other available techniques to give accurate data about the accuracy of the device. 4. Further studies should be performed including larger number of patients from more than a single center.