الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Experiments have been done in Vegetables Seed Physiology and Technology Laboratory, Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. Investigate germination characters of five of faba bean varieties using saline water and their sprouts growth. Also, alleviation salt stress injury and to enhance phytochemical content and immune compounds which improving seed tolerant to altered condition used to enhance human immunity system to establish an introductory basis for knowing behavior of seed germination under altered condition and get benefit from compounds will be formed to constitute additive value with sprouts nutritional value using seed priming technique. In this study salicylic acid, glycine betaine and UV-C were used with faba been and cabbage.
The results obtained from this study can be summarized as follow:
Firstly: effect NaCl on germination character and mineral content salt stress five genotypes of faba bean:
In general, it can be concluded that under control condition (no salt stress) all five genotypes of faba bean had good germination and growth. The uptake of water decreased with salinity increasing.
The following can be concluded
1. Giza (843) and Sakha (3) varieties had a higher germination percentage, germination index, and radical length, indicating that it had a higher tolerance to salinity while Sakha (1) were more sensitive.
2. Uptake of water, germination%, and growth of radical were inhibited using saline water.
3. Micronutrients like zinc and iron decreased with increasing salinity whereas, copper and manganese increased with increasing salinity. Macronutrients such as magnesium, potassium and calcium decreased with increasing salinity level.
4. Giza (843) had greatest K/Na ratio while, Sakha (1) recorded the lowest K/Na ratio. Therefore, Giza (843), Sakha (1) and Nubaria (1) selected for the following studies. Data showed that K/Na ratio decreased with increasing salinity levels.
Secondly: Effect of salinity, variety, salicylic acid, glycine betaine, UV-C and their interactions on faba bean germination characters and phytochemicals content and amino acid%.
Over all seed priming treatments, Data of our study discovered that seed soaking treatment with a proper agent and its concentration could invigorate faba bean seed germination characters and alleviates salt stress inhibition effects and enhancing the content of phytochemicals and to enhance human immunity system to establish an introductory basis for knowing behavior of seed germination under altered condition and get benefit from compounds will be formed to constitute additive value with sprouts nutritional value.
The following can be concluded
1. Glycine betaine 5mM higher germination percentage with Sakha (1) genotype followed by Giza (843), also recorded the higher germination index with Nubaria (1) genotype followed by Giza (843).
2. Salicylic acid at 1mM concentration presented better index specially with Nubaria (1) (96.79%) but the higher salicylic acid concentration 5 mM prevent germination in all genotypes.
3. Salicylic acid at 1mM, glycine betaine 1-5mM and UV-C decreased salt injury rate of faba bean. Therefore, Salicylic acid at 1mM, glycine betaine 1mM and UV-C selected for following studies.
4. Salicylic acid at 1mM, glycine betaine 5mM and UV-C, enhanced coumarin derivatives, chalcone, flovoinds derivatives.
5. Compounds appeared with salicylic acid 1mM in Nubaria (1), Sebacic acid; Fraxidin ; Vincristine ; Digoxigenin ; Aristolochic acid Leupeptin and Vitexin
6. Glycine betaine 5 mM with Nubaria (1) submitted the following compounds, : 3,4,5-Trimethoxycinnamic acid ; 5-Aminovaleric acid ; Rutamarin 4-Penten-2-ol ; Octadecanoic acid ; Pentadecane, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl- ; : 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- ; : 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- ; Tetratetracontane ; Heneicosane ; Geranyl isovalerate ; Palmitoleic acid ; Nonacosane ; Octacosane ; Octadecanoic acid, decyl ester ; Batilol ; Hentriacontane ; Hexatriacontane ; Hexadecanoic acid, 2-(octadecyloxy)ethyl ester ; Tetradecane, 2,6,10-trimethyl- ; Pentacosane ; : 9-Octadecene, 1-[2-(octadecyloxy)ethoxy]- and Docosane, 11-butyl-
7. UV-C with Nubaria (1) submitted the following compounds, 9-Octadecenoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl ester, cis- ; Agaricic acid ; : 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, (E,E,E)- ; Serverogenin acetate ; Heptacosane ; 22-Tricosenoic acid; Oleic Acid ; Trieicosane, 1-bromo-11-docosenyliden- and Prednisone
8. salicylic acid with Giza (843) enhanced the following compound, Methylmalonic acid ; Hexadecanoic acid, 2-bromo- ; Butanoic acid, 3-hydroxy- ; : 5-Aminolevulinic acid ; Reserpine ; Pentadecanoic acid, 14-bromo and Cyclopropanedodecanoic acid.
9. glycine betaine 5 mM with Giza (843) the following compounds only observed, Vincristine ; Retinoic acid ; : 9-Octadecenoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl ester, cis- ; Dimethylfraxetin ;: 9-cis-Retinoic acid and Vitexin.
10. UV-C with Giza (843), 3,5,3’,5’-Tetra-tert-butyldiphenoquinone
11. salicylic acid 1 mM with Sakha (1) the following compounds appeared, Psychosine ; Heptacosane ; Nonadecanoic acid, ethyl ester ; Octadecane, 1-[2-(hexadecyloxy)ethoxy]- ; Octadecanoic acid ; 2-Nonenoic acid, 9-(dimethylamino)-7-hydroxy-2-methyl-9-oxo-, methyl ester, (E)- ; Pyruvaldehyde ; 10-Octadecenal ; Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy and 10-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester
12. Glycine betaine 5 mM with Sakha (1) the following compounds appeared, Retinol ; Colchicine ; Baicalein trimethyl ether ; 9-Octadecenoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl ester, trans- ; Dodecanoic acid, 2-(acetyloxy)-1-[(acetyloxy)methyl]ethyl ester and Mangostine.
13. UV-C with Sakha (1) the following compounds appeared, Vitexin ; Leukotriene B4 ethanolamide ; Saponarin ; 2-Hexadecanol ; β-Sitosterol ; Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester ; Linoleic acid ethyl ester; Acitretin ; and : β Carotene.
14. Essential amino acid in Nubaria (1) data showed that, valine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine and methionine recorded higher concentration at 2000 ppm NaCl.
15. Non-essential amino acid Nubaria (1) like aspartic, serine, glutamic, glycine and proline documented higher concentration with saline water.
16. Non-essential amino acid in Nubaria (1), UV-C recorded greater concentration with alanine, arginine and tyrosine.
17. Glycine betaine reduce proline under saline conditions.
Thirdly: Ultrastructure using scanning electron microscope
1. Seed coat under distilled water were normal structure no injuries detected
2. Salinty resulted in an irregular aspect of the seed coat, which appeared like pores cause the effect of salinity.
3. scanning image showed the seed coat appeared with normal structure using glycine betaine 5mM under saline conditions.
4. UV-C, scanning electron image presented irregular seed coat, which had features and pores.
5. Salinity osmotic induced plasmolysis of all cotyledon’s cells.
6. UV-C and glycine betaine 5mM image appeared normal cotyledons cells.
7. Using salt stress submitted damaging and irregular shape of radicle tip. Using glycine betaine 5mM and UV-C under saline conditions showed normal radicle tip observed by electron scanning microscope.
Forth: Effect of salinity, variety, salicylic acid, glycine betaine, UV-C and their interactions on cabbage seedling characters and phytochemicals content.
In general, seed priming treatment enhancing and improved the cabbage seedling growth and alleviates salinity effect.
1. Sabaeny interact with salicylic acid 1 mM at both salt levels recorded higher sprout fresh weight and dry weight.
2. Salicylic acid, glycine betaine, UV-C improved salt tolerance index and Ganzory combined with UV remarked the highest tolerance index.
3. Sabaeny interact with salicylic acid 1 mM remarked the minimum sprout weight losses% and recorded the highest sprout yield ratio.
4. Using salicylic acid acting with hypocotyl more than radicle regarding to our results and glycine betaine vice versa.
5. Salicylic acid 1mM recorded the highest hypocotyl / radical ratio
6. Salicylic acid 1mM with Sabaeny recorded the highest concentration of the following compounds, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid and Thiazolidine.
7. Glycine betaine 1mM with Sabaeny recorded the highest concentration of the following compounds, Stigmasterol ; Apigenin 8-C-glucoside ; Phloroglucinol and Caryophyllene.
8. UV-C with Sabaeny recorded the highest concentration of the following compounds, Hexa-hydro-farnesol ; .(±)-α-Tocopherol and β Carotene.
9. Salicylic acid 1mM with Ganzory recorded the highest concentration of the following compounds, Hexa-hydro-farnesol and Apigenin 8-C-glucosid.
10. Glycine betaine 1mM with Ganzory recorded the highest concentration of the following compounds, Linolenic acid.
11. UV-C with Ganzory recorded the highest concentration of the following compounds, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid .
Sprouting is a useful technique to carry out in arid and semi- arid zone using saline water for faba bean and cabbage as rich source of bioavailability phytochemicals for use in nutraceutical application.
Corresponding to the obtained outcomes, it could be concluded that the seed priming of faba bean varieties or cabbage cultivar seeds by salicylic acid, glycine betaine and UV-C enhanced their tolerance to salinity stress via activation of the antioxidant system and accumulation of compatible solutes which alleviates the effect of osmotic stress. However, faba bean varieties responding to glycine betaine 5mM and UV-C were more effective than salicylic acid. In addition, the low concentration of salicylic acid 1 mM was better than 5mM concentration which inhibit the germination process of faba bean. Although, salicylic acid 1 mM was more effective in cabbage cultivars. These treatments enhanced and improved secondary metabolites molecules which involved in salicylic acid defense pathway and jasmonic acid as well as producing glycine betaine. Also, other molecules act as plant growth promoter.
Therefore, treatment of seeds with salicylic acid, glycine betaine and UV-C seem like to be an efficient way to induce plant tolerance to salinity stress, but it should be firstly determined the optimum concentration. Also, to enhance human immunity system to establish an introductory basis for knowing behavior of seed germination under altered condition and get benefit from compounds will be formed to constitute additive value with sprouts nutritional value.