الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Down syndrome is a gene dosage disease result from an extra copy of chromosome 21, Most of cases results from meiotic non-disjunction or abnormal segregation of chromosomes. the majority of cases occurred during maternal oogenesis. Down syndrome patients suffer from the presence of chr21 trisomy, decreased melatonin, CAT and increased SOD expression. Melatonin is a naturally occurring hormone in your body that helps promote sleep. Because of its calming and sedating effects, it’s also called the “sleep hormone.” pineal gland releases melatonin into your brain at certain times of the day. It releases more at night, and slows production when it’s light outside. In addition to its role in sleep, melatonin has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It’s also involved with regulating blood pressure, immune function, and body temperature. As you age, your body makes less melatonin. The supplement has been used to help with circadian rhythm sleep disorders for: people who are blind those with jet lag shift workers children with developmental disorders, like autism spectrum disorder. Melatonin is an over-the-counter supplement in the United States, typically available near the vitamins and supplements. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21. This extra genetic material causes the developmental changes and physical features of Down syndrome. Down syndrome varies in severity among individuals, causing lifelong intellectual disability and developmental delays. It’s the most common genetic chromosomal disorder and cause of learning disabilities in children. It also commonly causes other medical abnormalities, including heart and gastrointestinal disorders. Symptoms Each person with Down syndrome is an individual — intellectual and developmental problems may be mild, moderate or severe. Some people are healthy while others have significant health problems such as serious heart defects. Children and adults with Down syndrome have distinct facial features. Though not all people with Down syndrome have the same features, some of the more common features include: Flattened face Small head Short neck Protruding tongue Upward slanting eye lids (palpebral fissures) Unusually shaped or small ears Poor muscle tone Broad, short hands with a single crease in the palm Relatively short fingers and small hands and feet Excessive flexibility Tiny white spots on the colored part (iris) of the eye called Brushfield’s spots Short height Melatonin exogenous supplementation increased plasma levels ofmelatonin, CAT and GSH, and decreased H2O2 & MDA levels. SOD has powerful ant inflammatory activity. For example, SOD is a highly effective experimental treatment of chronic inflammation in colitis.Treatment with SOD decreases reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress and, thus, inhibits endothelial activation. Therefore, such antioxidants may be important new therapies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease .Likewise, SOD has multiple pharmacological activities. E.g., it ameliorates cis-platinum-induced nephrotoxicity in rodents. As ”Orgotein” or ”ontosein”, a pharmacologically-active purified bovine liver SOD, it is also effective in the treatment of urinary tract inflammatory disease in man. Exogenous supplementation of melatonin has no effect on normal liver functions, while it enhanced DS dependent hyopthyroidism. Melatonin treatment improved neural protection by reduceing miR146a, and overexpressed both miR155 & miR125b and decreased peripheral blood cell apoptosis.