الفهرس 
Introduction and literature reviewOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Summary and Conclusion
The presence of large quantities of TENORM contaminated soil produced during the extraction and processing of crude oil at oil extraction sites and low cost methods to decontaminate this radioactively contaminated soil.
In this respect, the leaching behavior of the radionuclides from the TENORM contaminated soil samples by different concentration of natural leaching solutions were studied. A series of batch experiments have been conducted to determine leaching behavior of the radionuclides onto the solutions and the different factors affecting the leaching process have been studied.
The aim of the present work is to elucidate the risk of TENORM to the environment and to initiate methods to deal with the resulting contaminated soil by the following methods:
1-Removel of 226Ra from contaminated soil samples by electrodeposition technique using different electrods materials.
2-Remediation of contaminated soil by washing technique using different leaching solutions.
In general, this thesis is divided into four main chapters:
Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter comprises a review on TENORM generated from oil and gas industries. It specifies the primary sources of TENORM, its characterization, measurements, monitoring and actual hazards. It comprehensively outlines the industries that may include TENORM Radiation and disposal. This chapter also contains a brief account on the national and international standards and regulations concerning TENORM in oil and gas fields. Finally; it contains a short account about nuclear, chemical and environmental characteristics of the considered radionuclides (Uranium, Thorium and Radium) and Literature Review for contains a brief account on the previous literatures deals with the different methods for the decontamination and removal of radionuclides from TENORM wastes.
Chapter 2: Material and Methods
This chapter gives a full description of the chemicals, materials and the instruments that were utilized in this work as well as the experimental procedures that were followed in this study.
The experimental work is divided into two main parts:
The first part deals with the decontamination of the radioactive (TENORM) contaminated soils. The five TENORM contaminated soil samples collected from different locations of oil and gas fields in Egypt.
The second part deals with Remediation of contaminated soil by washing technique using different leaching methods.
Chapter 3: Results and Discussion
This chapter comprises the obtained data of the experimental work. The obtained data was divided into two main parts. The first part deals with the decontamination of the TENORM contaminated soils at the oil and gas production fields. The second part deals with Remediation of contaminated soil by washing technique using different leaching methods.
The first part: the decontamination of the TENORM contaminated soils at the oil and gas fields.
Characterization of contaminated soil samples:
The characterization of contaminated soil samples were summarized as follows:-
Radiometric characterization
The specific activity concentrations have a great variations from site to site according to the amount radionuclides of 238U series, 232Th series and 40K originally present in the subsurface formations (crude oil reservoir), the mobility of the radium decay products in formation water, and the amount of water produced in conjunction with the hydrocarbons.
- The average activity concentrations of 226Ra were found to be 45747±198, 40234±301, 49730±318, 59253±219 and 22018±198 Bq/Kg for S-1, S- 2, S- 3, S-4 and S- 5 respectively.
By using electrodepossion technique with different electrods.
The second part:
Physical characterization for one sample from the contaminated soil samples:
For the particles grain size of the selected contaminated soil sample it’s clear that almost 68.3 % of the investigated soil was coarse sand (≥ 300µm), while 27.5 % was medium and fine sand (≤ 300µm & ≥ 75 µm) and only small fractions 2.5 to 4.2 % was silt and clay (≤ 75 µm).
Using natural seawater with small concentration form HCl
Remove about 83% from the particles (≥ 300µm), while remove about 79% from the particles (≤ 300µm & ≥ 75 µm) and remove about 44% from particles (≤ 75 µm