الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The first chapter: is the introductory chapter, includes the theoretical part of the subject and begins with a general overview of the concept of the polymer matrix then discusses the classification of it according to its origin into natural and synthetic.
This chapter gives a concise review on some types of polysaccharides such as cellulose and carrageenan and the importance of using these types of natural polymers in the modification of composites into bionanocomposites by two different methods of polymerization named by grafting and template copolymerization techniques. The definition of composite, classification and its modifications by vinyl monomers implanted by nanoparticles are also included in this chapter. The chapter presents a broad outline about the main idea of the application, the origin, classification, and treatment of actual radioactive liquid waste of cesium and strontium radionuclides by adsorption method.
A concise review is given about types, calculation, detection limits and applications of the radiochemical neutron activation analysis method which is used for analysing the elemental contents in crude phosphoric acid samples and consequent purification of these samples from impurities.
Finally, literature survey about removal of cesium and strontium ions and purification of crude phosphoric acid by different materials is included in the last part of this chapter.
The second chapter: Materials and methods are comprising chemicals, reagents and the equipment used in the study. It includes briefly the experimental procedures used for preparation of the four synthesized bionanocomposites based carboxymethylcellulose sodium salts and k-carrageenan with different types of vinyl monomers implanted by nanoparticles of either maghemite iron oxide or halloysite nanoclay by using gamma irradiation technique.
This chapter also contains techniques used for evaluation of the
best yields, including grafting efficiency and swelling degree, in addition, the
different methods used for confirming the success synthesis of these bio-nanocomposites by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal analyses (TGA and DTA), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), high-resolution (1H NMR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Procedures for treatment of reactor actual radioactive liquid waste samples for removal of Cs(I) & Sr(II) radionuclides and the neutron activation technique used to determine the elemental content in the crude phosphoric acid and its purification are also mentioned in the last part of this chapter.
The third chapter: is divided into three main parts:
The first part: focuses on the synthesis of bionanocomposites based-carboxymethylcellulose sodium salts or k-carrageenan using gamma irradiation induced method for initiation the graft copolymerization process by template mechanism. The obtained data about the influence of reaction parameters, i.e., concentration of monomers, co-monomer, natural polymer, crosslinker (NMBA), nanoparticles and γ-doses, on the grafting efficiency, and swelling degree are discussed to reach the optimum conditions for the preparation of these bionanocomposites.
The second part: focuses on the characterization of the synthesized bionanocomposite materials by FT-IR, SEM, TGA& DTA, 1H NMR, and XRD to confirm the structures of the synthesized bionanocomposites.
The third part:
This part discusses the obtained data concerning the application of the synthesized bionanocomposites in solving some essential problems.
Firstly: Discussion of the obtained data from batch studies:
Batch studies relevant to adsorption of Cs-137 and Sr-90 from the reactor actual liquid waste samples by the four bionanocomposites that performed as a function of contact time, solution pH, metal ion concentration, and temperature. Simulation studies were firstly performed using the gamma emitting isotopes Cs-134 and Sr-85 as representatives of Cs-137 and Sr-90, respectively to find out the best conditions for isolation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 from reactor actual liquid wastes. The obtained data proved that the synthesized bionaocomposites are very efficient for complete removal of these ions.
Secondly: Purification of some crude phosphoric acid:
In this part, samples of crude phosphoric acid were analyzed using radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RCNAA). Irradiation in the reactor requires samples in solid forms. So, three different reagents were used for simultaneous acid neutralization and precipitation of the elemental contents. Thirteen elements were analysed under irradiation and cooling times using the RCNAA, which are Co, Cr, Fe, La, Lu, Na, Sb, Sc, Sm, Th, U, Yb, and Zn. The data obtained from RCNAA of filtrate residue samples indicate the complete isolation of elemental impurities in the precipitates. Studies on the adsorption of the analysed elements on the synthesized bionanocomposites were carried out from simulated phosphoric acid solutions. Some factors affecting the adsorption were studied such as V/m and concentration of phosphoric acid. Complete uptake of Np-239, Pa-233 from phosphoric acid solutions were achieved by adsorption on the synthesized bionanocomposites, also U and Th. Partial adsorption of the other elements was achieved