الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried out at the Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University during the period from December 2016 and ended March 2017. The main objective was to study the Physiological Manipulation of the Chicken Embryos to Alter the Sex Ratio.
A total of 450 broiler eggs from Dokki- 4 strains .The eggs were individually weighed, egg weight ranged (44.5to 54.5g in average). At the fifth doi, 350 fertile eggs were divided into 7 groups first group was control without any treatment. The second group Sham were simulates injection .The third group was injected with 50µl from Garlic oil .The fourth group was injected with 100µlGarlic oil. The fifth group was injected with 50µg (of 25µgTestosterone dissolved in50µl Garlic oil). The sixth group was injected with50µg (of50mgTestosterone dissolved in50µl Garlic oil). The seventh group was injected with50µg (of100µg Testosterone dissolved in50µl Garlic oil).
The eggs were sterilized with 70% ethyl alcohol were injected into albumin near the thin end of the egg. Sterile shell hole was sealed with glue stick
At 18 doi, eggs were weighed. The water loss was calculated for each treatment .The eggs that were apparently having live embryos were set in hatching cages, at 37°C and arrange of RH% 85 to 90% for the last three days of incubation.
At 21 doi chicks that hatched and their weights were recorded. All groups were reared under similar management, environmental and nutritional conditions. Hatchability and embryonic mortality, postatching productive performance, carcass and muscle traits, blood constituents, tibiae measurements, meat quality for breast and thigh of chickens, histological observations in muscles, testes and ovary and plasma levels of sex hormones in chickens were determined.
The results obtained can be summarized as follows:
1. In ovo injection garlic oil and testosterone propionate at 5 doi has effect on hatchability (%) and embryonic mortality compared with the other groups.
2. Live body weight (LBW) was significantly improved by in ovo injection with garlic oil or testosterone propionate compared with the control groups. A similar trend was also observed for body weight gain (BWG) at the period from2 to4, 4to8 wks. and for the whole period (0 to 8 WOA).Sex showed significant (p<0.01) difference on LBW. Males exhibited the highest LBW while females were the lowest from 0 to 8 WOA.
3. Sex showed significant (p<0. 01) difference on BWG. Males exhibited the highest BWG while females were the lowest during the periods from 0-2,2-4,4-6,6-8 and 0- 8 WOA.
4. There is positive effect on productive performance of Dokki 4- chicks when in ovo injection garlic oil and testosterone propionate
5. In ovo injection garlic oil, testosterone propionate had significantly increased feed consumption of chicks during the whole experimental period.
6. Feed conversion ratio treatments were significantly improved in chicks that hatched from in ovo injection eggs with garlic oil or testosterone propionate compared with the control groups during the whole experimental period.
7. Both in ovo injection garlic oil, testosterone propionate had significantly increased carcass yield at marketing age (56 DOA), where hot carcass weight, liver ,heart, gizzard and edible parts weights were significantly increased, but abdominal fat weight was decreased compared with the control groups.
8. In ovo injection with garlic oil (G1, G2) or testosterone propionate had significant effect on thymus, bursa of fabricius and spleen weights. Also, Ovaries, Testes weight of broilers at 56DOA.
9. Breast muscles (Pectoralis major, P. minor) weight and thigh weight were significantly increased in chicks from garlic oil treatments (G1andG2) followed by testosterone propionate compared with the control groups, respectively.
10. Tibia bone weight, length, Tibia Breaking Strength, Ca, P and Ash were significantly increased in garlic oil (G1, G2) followed by testosterone propionate and then the in control groups. A similar trend was also observed for shank length at one DOA.
11. Plasma total proteins, albumin and globulin of day old chicks were significantly increased by in ovo injection garlic oil, testosterone propionate compared with the control groups.
12. 12. Garlic oil (G1and G2) followed by testosterone propionate (T2) treatments had significantly decreased plasma levels of cholesterol and triglycerides of day old chicks and for 56 DOA chicks compared with the control groups.
13. Plasma calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase (ALK.P) activities concentration of day old chicks were significantly increased by in ovo injection of garlic oil (G1and G2) followed by testosterone propionate compared with the control groups.
14. Plasma transaminases activity (ALT and AST) was significantly higher in all groups compared with the control
15. The histological investigation of muscle showed that in ovo injection of testosterone propionate or garlic oil no histopathological changes compared with the control groups muscles showed normal muscles fibers and bundles. Also, ovary, testis showed no histopathological changes. Note normal mature follicles and apparent normal seminiferous tubules.
16. Plasma steroid hormones level were high by in ovo injection of testosterone propionate and garlic oil plasma E2concentration had the highest levels in females that in ovo injected by garlic oil (G1and G2)than other treatment.
17. In ovo injection with garlic oil and Testosterone propionate improve sensory evaluation of breast and thigh and chemical composition of chick meat at 8 WOA.
from the results reported herein, it could be concluded that:
The in ovo injection with testosterone propionate and garlic oil during incubation period, preferably at the 5 th day, enhanced the productive performance of post hatch broiler chicks and increased meat yield at the marketing age. Testosterone propionate and garlic oil could improve bone resorption and remodeling in broilers which may help reducing leg problems in fast- growing chicks. On the other hand, testosterone propionate and Garlic oil injection benefits in muscle building via its physiological effect on myogenesis and haemopeiotic action.
It is concluded that, under the conditions of the present study, the best time of in ovo injection of testosterone propionate and garlic oil was the 5th day of incubation period, which improved most of the studied traits.