الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Part I: Field study
This study provides a detailed description of the study of environmental profiles, chemical composition, morphological characteristics, and salinity tolerance of the study plants. Leptochloa fusca and Echinochloa stagnina. In order to achieve these objectives, 40 sites were selected north of the Nile Delta represented in the new city of Damietta and south of the city of Gamsa. Results showed that 36 species of flora were recorded, followed by 15 families. The family poaceae was the most representative family, with seven species representing 20%. According to the life span, the recorded plants can be divided into 19 types of plants (53%), one bivalent species (3%) and 16 species (44%). The life forms were also described for the plant species recorded in the study area. It was found that the Theophytes model was the predominant model in the study area by 47%, followed by the Chamaephytes (17%) followed by the pattern of the disappearances (cryptophytes), by (11%). The rest (Ge-Helophytes, hemicryptophytes, Phanerophytes,) Floristic analysis of plants in the study area showed that there are 9 species of mono-regional plants, of which 3 species (8%) follow the ancient tropical element (Paleotropical), 3 species (8%) follow the modern tropical element (Neotropical) The species (6%) follows the tropical and one Mediterranean species,. There are seven species of bioregional plants, of which two are plant species for each region. (Mediterranean - Siberia) (Mediterranean, Sudan and Zambia) and one for each region. (Mediterranean - Siberia, Asia), (Mediterranean - , Italy). (Sudan, Zambia and Iran). On the other hand, 20 species of pluriregional plants, including the Mediterranean, the Iranian, Eritrea, Siberia, nine species (Mediterranean, 3 species and cosmopolitan, (7 species).
from the ecological point of view, and to give a clear picture of the composition of vegetation, soil samples were collect from all sites of the study to estimate their physical and chemical properties. The correlation between plant soil and the CCA was found to be the most important soil factor affecting the distribution and abundance of plants associated with the first axis such as the degree of electrical conductivity, phosphorus, calcium carbonates, silt and mud, and some species, including Echinochloa stagnina. The second was associated with some important elements (pH, potassium, calcium, sodium) which are related to the plant Leptochloa fusca, which had the ability to tolerate salinity higher than the plant (Echinochloa stagnina). As for the response curves of the species, we note that Leptochloa fusca is negatively associated with sand. EC, HCO₃, PO₄, It is positively associated with organic matter, silt, calcium, sodium and PH either plant (Echinochloa stagnina) is negatively associated with sand, clay, EC, calcium carbonates and phosphorus. Important positive values were associated with silt, potassium, sodium, carbonate and organic matter.
The aboveground biomass for Leptochloa fusca was 2.5 kg/m2 fresh weight, which is 25 tons per hectare. Echinochloa stagnina fresh weight increased during the summer to reach 2.60 kg / m2 and the equivalent of 26 tons per hectare and this is good for the international specifications in terms of yield of productivity of two plants. Results obtained will be useful in the agricultural application of the target speceis as non-traditional feed, in particular in summer, where there is a lack of feed.
Part II: Experimental Study
Study the experience of carrying capacity plants under the pressure of salt
The experiment was designed to study the effect of sodium chloride on growth and nutrient content in each of the feed plants Leptochloa fusca (L) Echinochloa stagnina, both plants were treated with different NaCl concentrations (50,100,200,300,400 mM). L. fusca showed some tolerance for all concentrations but E. stagnina was very sensitive to 400 mm so there would be no results in this treatment. Results obtained in the morphological traits and in general, there was a decrease in both fresh and dry plant weight. Root length, number of tillers, length of tiller, number of leaves, tillers diameter, leaf area, by the increase of the concentration of salts except the number of spike, the reason is that the increased concentration of salts reduces the metabolism the low level of carbohydrates and growth hormones, which can lead to the inhibition of growth. In addition, it affects the ratio of K⁺ / Na⁺ / Ca⁺² these elements are responsible for the structure of the plant. The results of bio-chemical analysis showed an increase in protein content in both types of salt under pressure, more effective for use as feed and cause salinity accumulation proline, the soluble sugars increase palatability feed. It has anti-oxidant properties and works to protect biological particles during dehydration. The concentration of nitrates, oxalates and anthocyanins is present in both plants in a very small amount and is considered toxic to ruminants. This ratio is safe.
Tha land use with a lack of fresh water may limit the cultivation of traditional crops that need a lot of fresh water, and certainly caused a rapid depletion of groundwater. Thus, the urgent call for the introduction of non-traditional crops by cultivating plants that tolerate salinity and drought and are able to live with as little fresh water or mix it with diluted may be a possible and promising way to overcome such cases. In conclusion, we can call these halophytic plants (Environmentally Smart Crops) because it did not compete with conventional food crops resources (arable land valid food crops production, fresh water) and produce new crops valid to be used as feed in salt affected lands.