الفهرس 
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Nesreen Mohamed Mostafa Darwish. Effect of Salt Stress Level on French Marigold (Tagetes patula) and its Response to Addition of Selenium and Silicon. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, 2017.
This research study was carried out in pot experiments during the two seasons of 2014 and 2015 at the experimental farm of ornamental plants in the Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of three saline-water levels (SWLs) at 3, 6 and 9 dS m-1 in addition to a tap water (zero SWL) control on plants of French marigold (Tagetes patula) cvs ‘Cat eye’ and ‘Nano bronzato’. To mitigate the negative effects of SWLs, plants were subjected to foliar-spray (FS) applications using silicon (Si) at 500 and 1000 ppm and selenium (Se) at 5 and 10 µmol apart from a water-sprayed (WS) and non-sprayed (NS) two controls. Irrigation with the SWLs was managed frequently (as required), while FS with Se and Si was applied after two weeks from commencement of SWLs implementation. Data were collected at the termination of the experiment (four months from commencement) on both aboveground and underground plant parts. Internal chemical constituents were determined in the aboveground plant parts. Results indicated that in both cultivars there was a negative correlation between the increase in SWLs and both aboveground and underground parameters studied, along with a mixed response on internal chemical contents. All plant parameters investigated were equal at 3 dS m-1 SWL to tap-water control except in plant height (Ph) that decreased. Stem diameter (Sd), aboveground fresh and dry weight (Afw and Adw), flower number (Fn) and diameter (Fd), and flower fresh weight (Ffw) were all negatively decreased from deploying both 6 and 9 dS m-1 SWLs. Underground plant parts, root fresh and dry weight (Rfw and Rdw), and root length (Rl) of both cultivars were negatively influenced by the increase in SWLs, the highest reduction being at 9 dS m-1 SWL .Content of internal chemical constituents inside plants of both cultivars studied (whether in leaves, flowers or herb) were affected by the SWLs deployed in two different ways, either 1) negatively, i.e. elements of N, P, K and Ca together with TChl and FCar compounds or 2) positively, i.e. elements of Na, Cl alongside with LCar and proline. Nevertheless, elements of Si, Se and Fe elements were not affected at all by SWLs applied. Noticeably, proline accumulation increased gradually up to 6 dS m-1 SWL and showed an unexpected decrease at 9 dS m-1 SWL. In both cultivars studied, aboveground parts, viz. Ph, Sd, Afw, Adw, Fn, Fd and Ffw, all increased when plants were FS-ed with Si at both rates 500 and 1000 ppm and Se at 10 µmol. Regarding underground parts (Rl, Rfw and Rdw) they were also increased significantly when plants were FS-ed with Si at both 500 and 1000 ppm rates. Concerning content of internal chemical constituents, it was found that FS application of both cultivars with Si at 500 ppm increased N, P and K elements. In addition, FS-ing with Se at 5 µmol specifically increased N only. Whereas, Se at 10 µmol when FS-ed it increased N, P and K contents in cv ‘Nano bronzato’ only. FS application of Si at 1000 ppm, and Se at 5 µmol both led to decreased accumulation of internal Na, Cl and Ca inside herbs of both cultivars studied. Contrariwise, internal compounds of proline, TChl and LCar were increased when plants of both cultivars were FS-ed with Si at both 500 and 1000 ppm. Meanwhile, FCar showed an increase when cv ‘Cat eye’ plants were FS-ed with Se at 5 µmol and when cv ‘Nano bronzato’ plants were FS-ed with Si at 500 ppm. At 3 dS m-1 SWL, plants of both cvs of ‘Cat eye’ and ‘Nano bronzato’ when FS-ed with Si at 500 ppm they showed an increase in Rfw, Rdw and K internal content. Meanwhile, FS-ing plants with Se at 5 µmol augmented significantly Ph, Fd, Fw, Rl in addition of internal chemical content of N, Ca and FCar.
Keywords: Tagetes patula, French marigold, Ornamental plants, Salinity, Saline-water level, Foliar-spray, Selenium, Silicon, Vegetative growth, Internal chemical composition.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, deepest, greatest and most sincere thanks are always extended to ”ALLAH” the most merciful and clement God.
Secondly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Abdelaziz Mohamed Hosni for his constant support and encouragement during my master’s degree program. This work would not have been possible without his guidance. It was an honour and a privilege to be a part of his research group.
Next, I want to thank Dr. Mohammed Hewidy for his support and help in completing this thesis. I would like to admit to the fact that his contribution was extremely helpful in teaching me basics of scientific research. He also assisted in collecting a lot of experimental data, field work and statistical analyses.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Manal Mubark who provided me with the necessary support for assisting me to complete the chemical analyses. She has put in great effort to complete this journey beside me from the beginning till the end.
Also, I would never forget support of Prof Dr. Mostafa Sayed Ouda as a supervisor.
I will take this opportunity also to thank Dr. Ayman Kamal for his help and guidance, advice and inspiring words when needed. Special thanks are extended to Prof. Dr. Nazmy Abdel-Hamid Abdel Ghany for being a motivator and filling me with enthusiasm. Moreover, I would like to thank Dr. Samah Nasr for being available and for her guidance.
I am thankful to the Department of Soil and the Central Lab, at the University of Ain shams, for required facilities, instruments in addition to a great educational ambience. Their staff was really supportive and friendly. I would also like to thank the staff at the Greenhouses of the Ministry of Agriculture in Dokki for their help in raising the initial seedlings especially Eng. Mohsen Abd Elhay.
As a member of the Agriculture Research Center and Orman Botanical Garden, I declare my respect and gratitude for their continuous support during my research work.
Moreover, I would like to offer my deepest thanks and gratitude to all my colleagues and friends everywhere.
Last but not least, my deepest gratitude is offered to my family especially my parents and my brothers for all the care and support provided by them. This work could not have been concluded with high success without their patience and understanding. My father has put in a great effort in purchasing and delivery of all materials required for the field experiments and my mother has assisted in the field work during her leisure time.