الفهرس 
Breast Cancer
Racial factors and geographical distributionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and accounts for 25% of all cancers diagnosed annually worldwide. It is the fifth leading cause of cancer death in women. The incidence of breast cancer has increased steadily over the past few decades, but breast cancer mortality appears to be declining. This suggests a benefit from early detection and more effective treatment. In Egypt, breast cancer is the most common type of cancer as it accounts for approximately 18.3 % of reported malignancies among Egyptian women.
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with no single characterized cause. However, epidemiological studies have identified many risk factors that increase the chance for a woman to develop breast cancer.
The human VEGF gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 6 (6p12–p21) and consists of eight exons separated by seven introns that exhibit alternative splicing to form a family of proteins. VEGF, also known as VEGFA, is an important regulator of physiological angiogenesis during embryogenesis, skeletal growth, and reproduction functions. It is also involved in pathological angiogenesis associated with tumors.
Angiogenesis is an important step in the development of cancer and is necessary for primary tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastases. Breast cancer is among the well-known malignancies involving lymphangiogenesis, which is the recruitment of blood and lymphatic vessels, to a growing tumor.
In this regard the present study aimed to investigate the association of functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene 460T/C (rs833061) with breast cancer.
For this purpose, samples were collected from 20 Egyptian female patients (group I) recruited from Oncology Department and outpatient clinics at Ain Shams University Hospitals and 20 age - matched apparently healthy females as controls (group II). Breast cancer patients were diagnosed according to clinical, radiological and histopathological examination.All individuals enrolled in this study were subjected to full history including detailed family history, reproductive history and predisposing factors to breast cancer as well as thorough clinical examination with special emphasis on breast examination and mammogram. For patients only, radiological investigations as breast ultrasound and CT scan or MRI as well as breast biopsy were done. Routine laboratory investigations including liver and kidney function tests, CBC and calcium, in addition to detection of SNP of VEGF gene 460T/C (rs833061) by real-time polymerase chain reaction technique were done for all individuals.
The study revealed that
- The intra ductal carcinoma (IDC) was a common histological type in breast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patients breast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patients breast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patientsbreast cancer patients (90 %). In addition, T2 tumor size and SBR2 histological grade were the most frequent (55%, 60 %; respectively), followed by T3 (30%) and SBR3 (30 %).
- Regarding the tumor marker levels, the majority of the studied breast cancer patients were positive for estrogen (90%) whereas 50 % of them are progesterone receptors positive. Moreover, 75 % of cases had a regional lymph node metastasis.
- There was no significant difference in frequency of the (C/C, T/C and T/T genotypes) in the breast breast breast breast breast breast cancercancercancercancercancercancer patients’ group compared with control group.
- No significant difference was detected in frequency of the C allele and T allele in the breast cancerbreast cancerbreast cancerbreast cancerbreast cancerbreast cancer breast cancerbreast cancerbreast cancerbreast cancerbreast cancerbreast cancer patients’ group compared with control group.
- No significant difference was observed in breast breast breast breast breast breast breast cancercancercancercancercancercancer patients regarding the association between VEGF polymorphisms genotypes CC, TC and TT and tumor markers.
- None of the studied VEGF gnotypes had shown significant difference in distribution related to clinico-pathological parameters as (tumor size, histological grade, hormone receptors, HER2 status, regional lymph node and distant metastasis).