الفهرس 
Introduction and Review of literature
Evaluation of membrane performanceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Membrane technology is an emerging technology frequently applied in water
purification and can be a solution for dissolved organic, heavy metal and
dissolved mono – divalent salts removal in water sources since membranes
are designed to retain particles according to their pore diameter and other
physical properties.
This thesis demonstrates a better understanding of the fundamental aspects
responsible for high contamination removal, modification of porous
membrane and fouling development during filtration process.
The fabricated membranes in this thesis can be divided to:-
During dead end ultrafiltration blend polyethersulfone
/polyacrylonitrile (PES/PAN) membranes with different PAN
percents (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0). PES –M5 (1% PAN addition) had the
highest rejection of humic acid (92.47) with the best permeate flux
(70 l/m2.h).
So, membrane with 1% PAN showed very good properties as UF
membranes, in the next parts 1.5% &2.0% are used as porous support
layer for the interfacial polymerization for improvement of membrane
manufacture.
Thin film composite membranes were prepared by interfacial
polymerization with different ratios of piperazine in aqueous phase
and ultra-sonicated isophthaloyl dichloride in hexane over the porous
PES/PAN to fabricate TFCNF membranes using 1.5% PAN blend UF
PES/PAN membrane previously prepared. The monomers ratio
1: 0.3: 0.3: 0.3 comprising of Piperazine: sodium hydroxide:
dodysylsodium sulfate: isophthaloyl dichloride respectively with
amine soaking time 40 min, interfacial polymerization time 10 min,
annealing temperature 80ºC and curing time 10 min were greatly enhance flux and salt rejection of NF/RO TFC membrane. The
percent of separation of the inorganic salts are in the order of 99.9, 97,
82, 72 for MgSO4, CaCl2, Na2SO4 and NaCl respectively.
Porous 2% PAN blend PES/PAN membrane previously prepared is
modified through incorporation of prepared ZA and MOFs in the PA
layer. The Results showed that the optimum zeolite loading and
MOFs were determined to be 0.1wt%. TFNC membrane filled with
MOF2 increased salt rejection up to 96 higher than the pristine PA
membranes with high permeability and high selectivity.
Since, fouling is an important challenge that shall be overcome in
order to implement membrane technology in large scale, that part of
the thesis studied the effect of mixed phase of cerium oxide on the
antifouling properties of PES membrane. The results showed that the
optimum dose amount of cerium oxide in the casting solution is 1%
wt., where acquire the fabricated membranes good mechanical
properties, high separation, improving the morphology structure and
high antifouling properties .The separation percentage of heavy metal
solution reached to 98% and permeate flux was 2.5 L/m2∙h and 17
L/m2∙h at 5 bar and 20 respectively while increasing the percentage
leads to unhomogeneity in membrane structure and bad separation
percentage.