الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted in the El-Tina plain in North Sinai Governorate during the 2014-2015 seasons to evaluate some quinoa cultivars under the conditions of these saline-affected areas, in order to choose the appropriate cultivar and proper sowing date.
The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different cultivars , sowing dates, and the interaction between cultivars & dates of cultivation on growth characteristics, physiological, biochemical properties and minerals, yield & its attributes, and quinoa seed biochemical composition.
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
Part I: Quinoa cultivars as affected by saline soil condition.
Effect of different cultivars on:
1. Growth characteristics
The results showed that CICA cultivar was significantly superior in growth characteristics i.e. plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight per plant, leaf area, leaves fresh weight, specific leaf weight. Only shoot dry matter (%) showed insignificant differences among cultivars. Regarding main inflorescence weight (g/plant) and length (cm) both of Hualhuas and Real were superior with no significant differences in between, while CICA gave the lowest observation regarding those studied characters.
Regarding the number of leaves both of CICA and Real were superior with no significant differences in between while Hualhuas gave the lowest observation. As for specific leaf area data showed insignificant differences among cultivars.
2. Physiological, biochemical properties and minerals
The results showed that Hualhuas cultivar was significantly superior to other cultivars in osmotic potential, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and sodium concentration
On the other hand, CICA cultivar showed significant superiority in proline and phosphorus concentrations. Meanwhile Potassium only revealed significant difference between CICA and Real compared to Hualhuas which gave the lowest value. Hualhuas was superior in iron and manganese concentration as compared to Real and CICA respectively.
As for sodium CICA cultivar gave the highest concentration comparing to Hualhuas and Real. On the other hand, cultivar Real gave an increase in the potassium / sodium ratio as compared to CICA and Hualhuas.
Regarding magnesium concentration, both Hualhuas and CICA, showed higher concentration with no significant difference between them, however, Real, gave the lowest values. Respecting Concentration of calcium, zinc and copper, a significant difference between the three cultivars was detected.
3 - Yield & its attributes
The results showed that the CICA cultivar had higher significant value in seed yield) kg/fed) and the biological shoot yield of fresh and dry weight than Real and Hualhuas. Only Hualhuas gave a markedly superiority in the weight of the hectoliter than Real cultivar, followed by the CICA, respectively. This attributed to CICA cultivar gave lowest hectoliter value in November.
As for the weight of a thousand seeds (g), the highest value was obtained by Real followed by CICA and Hualhuas, respectively.
The Real cultivar was significantly superior regarding harvest index (%) compared with CICA and Hualhuas which has no significant differences in between.
4. Quinoa seed biochemical composition
The results showed that Hualhuas was superior in protein percentage in seeds, fiber, and phosphorus as compared to CICA and Real.
Similarly, CICA shows significantly increase in carbohydrate percentage compared to the Real and Hualhuas cultivars. While potassium concentration in both CICA and Real cultivars showed significant differences as compared to Hualhuas .
Regarding the Real cultivar, Ash percentage and lipids were significantly higher than CICA and Hualhuas with no significant differences between them.
Part II: Quinoa cultivars as affected by sowing date under saline soil condition.
Effect of sowing date on:
1- Growth characteristics
The results showed that the cultivation date of quinoa in October resulted in improvement of growth characteristics i.e. plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight per plant, dry matter, leaf area, inflorescence weight, inflorescence length, leaves fresh weight, number of leaves, and specific leaf weight of the flower as compared to the sowing date in November.
Only, specific leaf area /plant (cm2/mg) sowing quinoa at November was significantly enhanced compared with sowing quinoa in October.
2- Physiological, biochemical properties and minerals
The results showed that quinoa cultivation date in October improved proline concentration while chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids showed insignificant effect to sowing dates
On one side, quinoa cultivation date in November showed significant value for osmotic potential, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration. On the other side, cultivation of quinoa in October led to increase plant concentration of magnesium, sodium and iron.
However, calcium, zinc, copper and manganese concentration showed insignificant response to the sowing dates treatment.
Regarding the sowing date only the potassium / sodium ratio showed a significant increase as a result of the cultivation of quinoa at November compared to October date.
3- Yield & its attributes
The results showed that cultivation of quinoa in October gave significant increase in weight of the hectoliter and harvest index (%), the fresh and dry biological shoot yield and also, gave the highest significant observation in agriculture in November. Meanwhile the seed yield and the weight of 1000 seeds did not show significant difference to sowing dates.
4- Quinoa seed biochemical composition
The results showed that the cultivation of quinoa in October led to improve moisture percentage, crude protein, and phosphorus in addition to the lipids.
Regarding Cultivation of quinoa in November, total carbohydrates and potassium concentration in addition to ash percentage were increased. Meanwhile, crude fiber percentage gave insignificant response to the different sowing dates.
Part III: Interaction between quinoa cultivars diversity and two sowing dates under saline soil condition.
Effect of interaction between cultivars and sowing dates on:
1- Growth characteristics
Cultivation of quinoa cultivars in October under saline conditions was promising to enhance growth characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight per plant, dry matter, leaf area, inflorescence weight, inflorescence length, leaves fresh weight, number of leaves, and specific leaf weight. except stem diameter and leaf area which gave higher results when cultivating Real In November compared to October. As for specific leaf area which gave higher result when Hualhuas and CICA cultivars were sowning in November as compare to sowing date in October.
Regarding Real cultivar, there was no significant difference between sowing date in specific leaf area character. While, cultivation date of CICA in October was the best.
2 - Physiological, biochemical properties and minerals
Interaction between varieties and dates revealed significant increase in physiological and biochemical characteristics, such as proline, osmotic potential, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium concentration.
All results obtained for could be summarized in that cultivar Hualhuas was more suitable to cultivate in October as compared to CICA
Only Real cultivar should be sowing in November to give the best concentration of zinc, copper and potassium/sodium ratio.
3- Yield & its attributes
The results can be summarized in the following recommendations:
1) To obtain high yield, weight of hectoliter and harvest index, cultivar CICA should be sown in October. 2) To achieve high biological shoot fresh and dry weight, cultivar CICA should be sowing in November. Meanwhile the best weight of 1000 seeds could be obtained in November cultivation. Regarding Real cultivar, sowing date in November was more suitable to enhance significantly each of seed yield (kg/fed), weight of 1000 seed (g), weight of hectoliter (kg/100L) and plant biological shoot dry weight (g). Only harvest index (%), sowing date in October was higher significantly as compared to November. In contrary, plant biological shoot fresh weight showed insignificant effect to the interaction between cultivar and sowing date.
4- Quinoa seed biochemical composition
The results can be summarized in the following recommendations to obtain high crude protein, crude fiber, ash and phosphorus concentration, Hualhuas should be cultivated in November.
On the other side, to get higher moisture percentage and the lipids, CICA should be sowing in October, while regarding to high percentage of total carbohydrate and potassium concentration CICA should be sown in November.
Finally, it could concluded that the quinoa plant CICA cultivar can be cultivated in October under saline conditions, and marginal lands in Egypt as compared to Hualhuas and Real cultivar. Due to CICA cultivar recorded the highest values of seed yield, weight of 1000 seed, weight of hectoliter and most of the studied growth traits. Quinoa Real cultivar could be cultivated at November under El-Tina Plain conditions, compared to Hualhuas. Due to Real cultivar recorded the highest values of seed yield, weight of 1000 seed.