الفهرس 
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Abstract
Most existing realizations of quantum key distribution (QKD) are point-to-point systems with one source transferring to only one destination. Growth of these single-receiver systems has now achieved a reasonably sophisticated point. However, many communication systems operate in a point-to-multi-point (Multicast) configuration rather than in point-to-point mode, so it is crucial to demonstrate compatibility with this type of network in order to maximize the application range for QKD. Although encryption algorithms can be used to secure transmitted messages among group members, there are many security aspects for designing a secured multicast cryptosystem are needed to investigate. The most important aspects of multicasting are key generation and management. The researchers have proposed several approaches for solving problems of multicast key distribution and management. Therefore, we proposed four different architectures for implementing a multicast quantum key distribution with supportive protocols for generating and securing the transmitted messages among the communicated participants. Firstly, we suggest a proposed architecture of Point-to-Multipoint QKD (QKDP2MP) Systems and how it will present in terms of Quantum Back Bone “QBB” and Quantum layered Architecture. Secondly, Architecture of Multicast Centralized Key Management Scheme Using Quantum Key Distribution and Classical Symmetric Encryption is proposed. In this architecture, a secured key generation and distribution solution has been proposed for a single host sending to two or more (N) receivers using centralized Quantum Multicast Key Distribution Centre “𝑄𝑀𝐾𝐷𝐶“and classical symmetric encryption. Thirdly, Securing the transmitted multicast information can be achieved through IPsec multicast architecture. The process of IPsec involves the sender and destinations to agree on IPsec keys. These keys are used for protection transmitted information among communicated peers over IPsec network. IPsec depends on classical algorithm for key generation and distribution. Lastly, a generalized architecture of quantum secure direct communication for N disjoint users with partial and full cooperation of quantum server is proposed. So, 𝑁−1 disjointed users 𝑢1 ,𝑢2 ,…,𝑢𝑁−1 can transmit a secret message of classical bits to a remote user 𝑢𝑁 by utilizing the property of dense coding and Pauli unitary transformations. The authentication process between the quantum server and users validated by 𝐸𝑃𝑅 entangled pair and 𝐶𝑁𝑂𝑇 gate. Afterward, the remaining 𝐸𝑃𝑅 will be intended for generating shared 𝐺𝐻𝑍 states which used for directly transmitting the secret message. Hence, the security of transmitted message among 𝑁 users is ensured as the attacker introducing an error probability irrespective of the sequence of measurement.