الفهرس 
Complications of Invasive haemodynamicOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Complications of Invasive Monitoring
Invasive hemodynamic monitoring involves arterial, central
venous, and pulmonary artery catheterization.
Systemic arterial lines: The most common complications
of arterial catheters include errors of interpretation, thrombosis,
embolism, hematoma, arterial injury, nerve injury, ischemic
necrosis, and infection.
Central venous lines: The most common complications of
CVC include pneumothorax, dysrhythmias, vascular/cardiac
perforation, thrombosis, air embolism ,thoracic duct injury, airway
injury, catheter malposition /knotting/ embolism, nerve injury,
errors of interpretation.
Infection: catheter related sepsis affects CVC inserted for
both short term or long-term use. Infectious sequelae include local
phenomena, such as cellulitis, abscess formation, and suppurative
thrombophlebitis , and systemic manifestations of bacteremia,
septic shock, and metastatic infection of the head, neck, and
airway to death caused by misplacement or malpositioning of the
tracheal tube.
Pulmonary artery catheter: Complications of PAC include
non infectious complications such as complications related to
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central venous access,dysrhythmias which occur frequently
during floating of pulmonary arterial catheters, heart block,
pulmonary artery rupture and aneurysm. Another complications as
catheter knotting due to their longer length and flexibility,
endocardial damage and balloon rupture. Infectious complications
of PAC induced sepsis occurs in up to 2% of insertions.
Complications Of Airway Management In ICU
Fundamental to the management of the critically ill patient is
the ability to secure, maintain, and protect the airway.
Complications of mask ventilation: as trauma and pressure
injuries to the structures of the face, especially the eyes .Corneal
abrasions may be produced by careless placement of the mask
with severe respiratory disease as barotrauma and volutrauma,
oxygen toxicity, and circulatory impairment.
Complications of translaryngeal intubation include: Acute
complication as; reflex responses to laryngoscopy, dental injury,
nasal injury, ocular injuries, facial and oral cavity injuries,
pharyngeal injury, laryngeal injury, tracheobronchial injury,
cervical spine injury, aspiration, esophageal intubation,
malpositioning within the trachea, endobronchial intubation,
pneumothorax, difficult and failed intubation. Also there are
complications of prolonged tracheal intubation as; hoarseness,
sore throat, sinusitis, laryngeal injury, vocal cord paralysis,
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cricoarytenoid dislocation. And complications related to the cuff
of the tracheal tube as; tracheomalacia, tracheal stenosis,
tracheoesophageal fistula.
Complications of extubation: include cardiovascular
response to extubation, unplanned (self) extubation, reintubation
(failed extubation), airway obstruction, laryngeal dysfunction.
Complications of Surgical airways (Tracheotomy and
Cricothyroidotomy); Those related to tracheotomy include;
pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema,
incisional hemorrhage. Those related to cricothyroidotomy
include; incisional hemorrhage, laryngeal injury , tracheal
stenosis, TE Fistula, stomal infection.
Complications of Mechanical Ventilation
Barotrauma and volutrauma, oxygen toxicity, circulatory
complications are likely to occur with mechanical ventilation.
Gastrointestinal Complications in the ICU
Complications in the ICU include stress ulcer, ischemic
colitis, ilieus, diarrhea. MODS and complications of tube
feeding.as diarrhea and aspiration Neurologic Complications of ICU
Coma & altered mental status, seizures, and acquired
weakness are most common neurologic complications in ICU
.Patients experiencing a neurologic complication have
significantly longer ICU and hospital stays and increased
mortality. Coma persisting for more than 48 hours in the ICU is
associated with a high mortality rate. Likewise, patients
developing critical illness polyneuropathy have a high mortality
rate, as well as a prolonged hospital stay and convalescence.
Miscellaneous Iatrogenesis
-Therapy related iatrogenesis is an illness or injury
secondary to therapy. Medications produce the highest
number of iatrogenic complications; especially when
administrated for prolonged duration.
-Iatrogenesis of incorrect diagnosis
-Laboratory error iatrogenesis
-Nosocomial infection is a common complication of hospital
admission; on average it complicates 8% of the admissions
in general hospitals.
-Skin complications in ICU as decubitus ulcer occurring in
the hospital and complications associated with ICU devices
as complications associated with endotracheal tubes,
tracheostomy tapes and umbilical tapes.