الفهرس 
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Abstract
underground facilities are an integral part of the infrastructure of modern society and are
used for a wide range of applications, including subways and railways, highways,
material storage, sewage and water transport .Underground facilities might be built in areas
subjected to seismic activity, therefore, they must withstand both seismic and static loading.
Historically, underground facilities have experienced a lower rate of damage than surface
structures. Nevertheless, some underground structures have experienced significant damage
in recent large earthquakes, e.g. the 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan, the 1999 Chi-Chi
earthquake, Taiwan, and the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake, Turkey.
This thesis presents a parametric study on the effects of seismic waves on the tunnel
structures through numerous simulations employing the finite – element analysis software
PLAXIS®. The objectives of the research were achieved through three steps. In the first step,
a finite element model was performed using PLAXIS® to simulate free field response under
seismic analysis in comparison with EERA code (Bardet et al. 2000) which stands for
Equivalent-linear Earthquake site Response Analysis. In the second step, the results deduced
from these correlations were used to create the parametric study of the seismic effects on
tunnel body internal forces and on ground surface response. In the third step, the response of
Cairo Metro – Line III tunnel when subjected to seismic wave incidence and train dynamic
loads is studied. These analyses show the influence of the various parameters which must be
determined for a seismic design. It is shown that the stratification and the soil parameters,
together with the earthquake magnitude, significantly influence the tunnel response.