الفهرس 
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Abstract
Nicotine and caffeine represent two of the pharmacologically active substances, which may be used by pregnant women. Exposure of pregnant women to these drugs occurs primarily as a result of maternal smoking and consumption of caffeine containing beverage, especially coffee. Smokers consume more caffeine containing beverage than none smokers Many studies showed that exposure of the pregnant women to nicotine had negative effects on the growth and development of the neonatal rat pups, especially the development of the lung. In human, caffeine ’does not present any teratogenic risk. However caffeine potentiates the teratogenic effect of other substance such as tobacco. The aims of this study is to evaluate the effects of maternal exposure to nicotine and caffeine separately or combined on the numbers and diameters of the alveoli and the elastic fibers of the lung of the neonatal rat pups. Once pregnancy was confirmed, animals were randomly assigned to 4 groups according to their treatment.