الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the work
The metabolic syndromeOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
There have been several definitions of MetS, but the most commonly used criteria for definition at present are from the World Health Organization (WHO). This definition focused primarily on the presence of insulin resistance, identified by hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose tolerance, or the diagnosis of type 2 DM, which had to be present to make the diagnosis. In addition, two of the following also had to be present: dyslipidemia, hypertension, and microalbuminuria. The prevalence of the MetS is increasing throughout the world. Prevalence estimates of the MetS are dependent on the definition that is used to determine inclusion as well as the composition (e.g., sex, age, race, and ethnicity) of the population being studied. Moreover, lifestyle habits and socioeconomic status (SES) appear to influence prevalence across sex, age, and race/ethnicity cohorts. In the present essay we discussed the various components of metabolic syndrome including and their associations Insulin resistance is a reduced ability of insulin to exert its biological effects on target tissues namely adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. A variety of methods are available for assessing insulin resistance. The available methods can be divided into dynamic tests where specimens are collected serially and biochemical markers measured on a single specimen. Obesity is defined as an excessive lipid storage within the adipose tissue. Depending on where fat is stored in the body, obesity can be divided in to abdominal obesity and limb obesity. The worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity in the recent decades is surprising and is likely a cause of the rising incidence of insulin resistance and the MetS. The deleterious metabolic effects of a variety of lipids are now well documented. Accumulation of these molecules directly impedes the transduction of the insulin signal, and are potential causing factors of peripheral insulin resistance. Atherogenic dyslipidemia is characterized by elevated triglycerides, low high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) and normal to slightly elevated LDL-C. It is not completely clear if isolated triglyceride elevations bear an independent risk for atherosclerosis. Although it is not yet fully understood what is the pivotal cause of whether simple hepatic steatosis or steatohepatitis occurs, it is most likely true that insulin resistance and increased free fatty acids in the liver are highly associated with steatohepatitis. The relationship between insulin resistance and hypertension is well established. The fact that hypertensive patients have higher fasting and postprandial insulin levels independent of body mass index or body fat distribution suggests a direct correlation between blood pressure and plasma insulin levels. Endothelial dysfunction also appears to be implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Since all components of MetS have adverse effects on the endothelium, endothelial dysfunction might be more prevalent in patients with MetS and could play a role in the increased risk for vascular disease and T2DM in this population