الفهرس 
الفصل الاوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
 |  | from | 345 |  |  |
| | | from | 345 | | |
المستخلص
Elections in Egypt constitute an essential crossing point for Egyptian society towards achieving its hopes of creating a model for the transition to a free democratic society, and building its modern civil state that relies on the foundations of citizenship, equality, and ensuring equal opportunities. Elections also represent an important indicator of the levels of the revolutionary and reformist movements, and in this context Elections constitute a competitive opportunity to demonstrate the professionalism and responsible freedom to which media and journalistic institutions are committed, so that they can be accepted by candidates and voters. This is done through the media monitoring the performance of the electoral apparatus and the legal apparatus to ensure the integrity of the elections, and monitoring political parties and candidates to expose illegal and unethical methods during election campaigns and citizens’ voting on election day. Political participation is considered the essence of democracy and one of its important mechanisms. It also represents a criterion that reveals the reality of the democratic situation in any society. There are many forms of political participation and its channels, starting from participating in voting in elections and ending with an individual holding a political position. Electoral participation is represented by running for office, voting, or participating in campaigns. Electoralism is the most extensive form of political participation, in addition to its relationship to aspects of economic and social development. The electoral process after the Egyptian revolution was successive more than once, which had controls for running for parliament and modern laws were prepared for it that require further research and study, and since the legislator always seeks in modern countries to achieve more stability in the political and practical conditions and for voters to practice the electoral process in a manner Free, regardless of the nature of the countries, because stability in itself is a social goal, which all countries aim to achieve, by creating successful controls for candidacy and parliamentary representation that express the will of the people. The goal of stability is a common goal among developed and developing countries alike, including Developing countries were not able to reach an electoral process without obstacles affecting the electoral process, so it was necessary to study these controls, especially in developing countries, to search for what represents the continuation of the electoral process, in a free and fair manner, and to develop legislative texts that serve this process. It may seem to some that talk about the issue of electoral systems only arises on the occasion of holding elections for members of the legislative or local body, and therefore, from this point of view, its topic is secondary, as it is renewed on the occasion of legislative elections, which are often far apart in time. This view is incorrect, as it may apply to countries that are well-established in democracy and whose electoral systems have become stable and have become an integral part of their constitutional and legal system. However, if we look at parliamentary life in Egypt, we find that the electoral systems and democratic development in Egypt in ancient times knew patterns of democratic rule in general and representative rule in particular in periods of its history before unification and bright periods after unification. Therefore, historians said that Egyptian cities had the advantage of being ahead of Greek cities in Democratic practice. In this context, the media plays a major role in the overall stages of the electoral process, and this role is represented in the level of diversity and balance of media coverage of the parties competing in the elections, and educating voters about the importance of their role, urging them to participate in the electoral process and choosing the appropriate candidate at the ballot boxes, in addition to helping them become familiar with the ideas and programs of the candidates and expressing their point of view on everything related to the electoral process, without interference or monopoly that spoils the diversity and multiplicity of the media message. Religion plays an important role in shaping public opinion in Egypt, in all social, cultural, political, economic, and scientific fields. Thus, it can be said that religion is one of the main pillars in building human civilization and human activity as a whole. Religion may be used for persecution, religion may be used to spread the spirit of love and tolerance, or it may be used to spread the spirit of fanaticism. It is noted that the relationship between religion and the state varies from one society to another, and from one stage. history to another stage; According to the place of religion in people’s lives, according to the specificity of each society, and according to the ruling regimes’ view of the status of religion and its influence on the one hand, and on the other hand, according to the vision and understanding of the status of religion by other social forces (other than the state), and the extent of harmony between the vision of the state and other social forces, The compatibility or disagreement between the two visions, as well as the place of religion in global politics, and the view of global and regional powers on the place of religion and its influence in societies, and their relationship with each other. Religion is still a major player in shaping political behavior, especially political participation in elections. The nation-state model has not succeeded in ridding political activity of religious motives, demands and influences, which shows the extent of religion’s influence on political behavior in general, and directing public opinion and electoral behavior in particular. Many analysts and researchers predicted the return of religions again, especially in the twenty-first century, which they described as “the religious century par excellence.” As a result of religion being intertwined with human existence, and the cultural and civilizational development that accompanies it, in other words, religion has become a powerful influence and motivator for peoples, especially in areas of conflict such as the Middle East. The Islamic religion is an integrated way of life that provides the foundations for public and private life for the individual and group, and for the state and society alike. The main purpose of Islamic laws (Islamic law) is to achieve justice and peace, prevent evil, and spread goodness. Politics in Islam works to direct governments and urge them to provide moral judgment on the basis of consultation with their citizens. The process of employing religion is not limited to ruling regimes only, but rather extends To all other social forces, but these forces may use it to support the legitimacy of the state, or against the legitimacy of the state. The problem of the study crystallizes in knowing the extent of the influence of the religious dimension on the electoral behavior of voters in voting in parliamentary elections. Other social forces may use religion to gain legitimacy, and to confirm that their decisions and positions are consistent with religion. In Egypt, the Muslim Brotherhood accepted participation in the existing political systems. The Muslim Brotherhood decided to run in the parliamentary elections, and won a number of parliamentary seats. Despite the (formerly) ruling regime’s refusal to give it any legitimacy, there are Salafist forces who reject the idea of elections as a compromise on Islam, as opposed to those who permit them as a means used to call people to guidance. As for christians, His Holiness Pope Shenouda has spoken that casting the vote Elections are a national duty, and those who neglect them are negligent in their right to the nation, and a spiritual duty. He urged Copts to participate so that people feel their national presence, and called on them to be present effectively, so that they can have an impact on the life of the country. This study also gains its importance from the fact that the revolutions that took place in most Arab countries, including Egypt, were known as the Arab Spring revolutions, and what resulted from the Egyptian revolution was the rise of the Freedom and Justice Party, peacefully through elections, and it is a party with an Islamic reference that goes back to the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, and this is considered a precedent. In the history of the Muslim Brotherhood and the extent of the influence of the religious dimension on the electoral behavior of voters, the rise of Islamists through the Freedom and Justice Party to power is considered a new and unprecedented experience in the history of Egypt. Researchers have disagreed about the reasons for the success of Islamists in the elections and their obtaining a majority. Some believe that the reason is due to weak political awareness and the emotional voting behavior that religious discourse attracts, regardless of its content or programs. While others see that the Islamists are the most organized and the oldest practicing political action, while a third group sees that it is a temporary reaction to the injustice of their previous regimes, and the popular mood quickly turned away from them after they were chosen in one parliamentary session, and this rise raised many questions. In internal and international political circles about how the Islamists will rule the state and what are their ideas that they seek to implement about the nature of the state and the system, and how they will face the internal and external political, economic and social challenges, and from here the topic of political participation has received increasing attention from political and sociologists and international organizations interested in human development in societies. Developed and developing. The study aims to identify the role of political socialization in influencing the electoral behavior of voters, the political participation of religious parties in the electoral process, and the impact of religious dimensions on the electoral behavior of voters in voting. In order to achieve these goals, the study relied on the descriptive approach, and the questionnaire tool was applied to (387 ) in Port Said Governorate.
The field study reached many results, the most important of which are: • It became clear from the results of the field study the importance of political socialization, forming attitudes, knowledge, and feelings toward the political system, forming political culture, linking the relationship between young people and their leadership by emphasizing political goals, individuals acquiring information, values, and trends related to the political system, transferring culture from generation to generation, and changing Political culture. • It became clear from the results of the field study the goals of political socialization, and at the forefront of these goals are: making young people occupy a regular role among the roles that make up the political system, and in this socialization process acquiring knowledge, skills, experiences, and abilities, instilling and developing loyalty, belonging, and pride in the homeland, its land, its people, and its system, and instilling and developing the beliefs of belief in equality. Between men and women, instilling and developing respect for laws and regulations and commitment to the principles and values of freedom, acquiring knowledge, concepts and convictions of political culture, and training in social and political participation emerges as the starting point. • It became clear from the results of the field study the role of political parties in political socialization through: recruiting public opinion to adopt it, and some consider it a regulatory treaty for preparing public policy, holding meetings and courses to raise awareness of its programs, determining responsibility for public policy, and public opinion’s tool in expressing its various trends. Real schools to educate, enlighten, and enlighten young people about their rights and duties, and they play an essential role in correcting authority, exposing its mistakes, and bringing it back to the right path. • It became clear from the results of the field study the importance of political participation, as it leads to teaching citizens through practice how to solve their problems on their own, and leads to opening channels of understanding between the government and citizens, and developing a sense of collective responsibility and overcoming the values of negativity and isolation in society, and facilitates the investment of financial and human capabilities, thus reducing the burdens placed on them. On the shoulders of the state, strengthening human relations between individuals, families, and groups, and leading citizens to organize themselves into civil organizations that support government bodies, and support popular oversight of government projects. • The results of the field study revealed the motives for political participation in the elections, foremost of which are: the availability of legal and constitutional guarantees, the desire to strengthen ties between the various groups of society, and the achievement of personal interests, represented by control and enjoyment of influence, the desire to play a pivotal and influential role in the various activities of society, and to achieve A distinguished position among members of society, and obtaining appreciation and respect. • The results of the field study revealed the factors influencing political participation, and in first place were political organizations, means of mass communication, social status, economic status, and finally the religious dimension. • The results of the field study revealed methods for achieving political socialization through political participation: This is through the Egyptian youth’s keenness to be aware of political and public issues, their tendency to adhere to the right to vote by casting their votes in referendums and elections, and their keenness to participate in membership in one of the political parties. Establishing a system of communication by paying attention to political discussions among people, and participating in political campaigns by raising awareness of the people. • The results of the field study revealed the factors that may prevent you from voting, the most important of which are: the candidates’ false promises, the electoral programs that do not match your ambitions, your lack of conviction in the candidates’ ideas, the complexities of registration procedures on the electoral lists, the lack of time, and the compulsory nature of registration on the electoral lists. The study also came up with many recommendations, the most prominent of which are the following: - Giving all doctrinal trends prevailing in society an equal competitive opportunity to express their children through the election process that leads them to seats of power in the state. - The necessity of educating voters about the importance of their role and urging them to participate in the electoral process and choose the appropriate candidate at the ballot boxes and not according to his religious background. - The constitution and other laws must specify how powers will be distributed, and the means that will be available to individual citizens to exercise their protected right to participate in public affairs. - It is necessary to become familiar with the ideas and programs of the candidates and express their point of view on everything related to the electoral process, without interference or monopoly that spoils the diversity and multiplicity of the media message. - The process of employing religion should not be limited to parliamentary elections only, and in order to attract votes in the elections. The electoral system must be compatible and harmonious with the conditions experienced by the country that produces it, which collectively constitute a fait accompli in a way that imposes a specific electoral system on countries.