الفهرس 
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Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs (have been extensively researched because of their intriguing characteristics across several domains, such as agriculture, medicine, construction, and the cosmetics sector. Additionally, they possess a wide-ranging antibacterial impact that enhances the longevity of food. Nevertheless, they also exert detrimental effects on several organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and brain. Ginseng components provide a wide range of pharmacological actions, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of TiO2-NPs on the liver, kidneys, and brain tissues of rats and to assess the possible protective and therapeutic properties of ginseng extract against these effects. A total of thirty-five adult male albino rats were randomly assigned to five groups, with each group consisting of seven rats. The experimental groups were categorized as follows: group I was designated as the control group. group II was administered 200 mg/kg BW of ginseng orally. group III was given 200 mg/kg BW of TiO2-NPs orally. group IV served as the protective group, where rats were pretreated with ginseng for 1 hour before receiving TiO2-NPs at a dose similar to group II and group III, respectively. group V was the treatment group, where rats received TiO2-NPs for 14 days, followed by ginseng until the end of the experiment at a dose identical to group III and group II, respectively. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, all rats were subjected to behavioral assessment. After that, serum samples were obtained, the rats were euthanized, and the liver, kidney, and brain tissues were gently eliminated for further biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical studies. According to behavioral tests, the TiO2-NPs treatment had a significant impact on the rats’ cognitive function, emotional reactivity, and spatial recognition memory. Moreover, TiO2-NPs substantially raised the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), and diminished the level of glutathione (GSH) in the aforementioned tissues. In addition, TiO2-NPs exerted a significant alterations in the renal and hepatic mRNA expression of the glutathione peroxidases (GPx), cysteine-aspartic acid protease (Caspase3) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) genes. TiO2-NPs induced deterioration of hepatorenal tissue, characterized by necrosis of hepatocytes and vacuolation in the cytoplasm. This degeneration also affected the central veins, portal vein branches, and blood sinusoids, leading to congestion. Additionally, there was thickening of the walls of the hepatic artery and bile duct branches, accompanied by epithelial hyperplasia. Some renal corpuscles showed hypertrophy and others showed atrophy with wide urinary spaces. Most of the renal tubules exhibited notable luminal dilatation, flattening of the epithelial cells, and necrosis of the tubules. Furthermore, TiO2-NPs triggered notable histopathological changes in brain tissue, such as neuropil vacuolation, dilated pericellular and perivascular gaps, neuronal deterioration, and nuclear pyknosis in several brain regions. Oral administration of TiO2-NPs significantly decreased the immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 in the hepato-renal sections while increasing the expression of GFAP in brain tissue. In contrast, the administration of ginseng extract mitigated the negative effects caused by TiO2-NPs. Hence, ginseng extract may improve the hepato-renal and neurological toxic effects caused by TiO2-NPs.