الفهرس 
: MelasmaOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Melasma is a chronic acquired focal hypermelanosis that affects sun-exposed areas, particularly the face, in female. Hyperpigmentation in melasma caused by melanocytosis and increased melanogenesis due to several factors such as genetic predisposition, ultra violet (UV) radiation, thyroid disease, pregnancy, and drugs such as oral contraceptive pills, phenytoin.
According to clinical features, melasma is classified into four clinical types based on its location: Centro-facial pattern, Malar pattern, Mandibular pattern, and extra-facial pattern (neck, V area of the chest, and upper extremities).
The diagnosis of melasma is clinical, and biopsy is rarely necessary. The severity of melasma can be estimated using the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) score, the modified MASI (mMASI) score, colorimetry, and mexametry. The Melasma Quality of Life scale (MelasQoL) can also be used to guide treatment and track improvement.
Photoprotection is important in controlling melasma and preventing it from worsening. both UV light and visible light can cause sustained worsening of pigmentation in all skin types, especially darker skin types with recommendation of daily use of physical sunscreen agents.
Microneedling is a safe, minimal invasive, and effective therapy for dermatological disorders alone or in compination, the needles create small holes known as micro-conduits with minimal damage to the epidermis. This leads to the generation of growth factors which stimulate the production of collagen in the dermis. It is also known as collagen induction therapy.