الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Scientists are concerned about the potential risks to human health and organisms posed by pharmaceutical compounds present in wastewater. Therefore, research is ongoing to develop new techniques for degrading pharmaceutical pollutants. One of the most promising methods is a heterogeneous photocatalytic process, due to its high efficiency in breaking down pollutants, economic feasibility, environmentally friendly nature, the low energy consumption, and nontoxicity [1]. Heterogeneous photocatalysis stands as a widely explored process with significant applications in environmental remediation, including the cleaning of emissions, photocatalytic sensors, energy production, material synthesis and the purification of water, as well as the mild synthesis of organic compounds . Notably, this method operates without the need for additional reagents aside from the photocatalyst. It can be described as a catalytic process initiated by the absorption of light” [2]. The specific positioning of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) in semiconductors renders them highly effective in light absorption and subsequent photocatalytic activity. Antibiotics are categorized as one of the potential pharmaceutical pollutants, and their threat lies in their incomplete metabolism within human and animal bodies, leading to health problems and environmental pollution [3]. This hasprompted an urgent need for developing novel photocatalysts with superior efficiency in photodegradation, low cost, and simple operating conditions. Sunlight-induced photocatalysis has become increasingly attractive to scientists in recent years due to its superior performance, environmentally friendly characteristics, safety cost-effectiveness, and use of renewable energy Scientists are concerned about the potential risks to human health and organisms posed by pharmaceutical compounds present in wastewater [4]. Therefore, research is ongoing to develop new techniques for degrading pharmaceutical pollutants. One of the most promising methods is a heterogeneous photocatalytic process, due to its high efficiency in breaking down pollutants, economic feasibility, environmentally friendly nature, the low energy consumption, and nontoxicity.