الفهرس 
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Abstract
Road injuries are considered a major public health concern over the past decade. As it`s considered the main causes of morbidity and mortality. The World Health Organization (WHO), estimates the deaths from road injuries to reach high than 1-35 millions in 2018, this number continue to climb each day, road injuries are considered the 8th leading cause of death and disability globally and in Egypt, road injuries are the 6th leading cause of death forming 11.07% and injuries forming 3.85%, and account 25% from all out-patient visits (National Center for Biotechnology Information NCBI, 2020).
So that, all road users are at risk of road accidents, each high way car driver should know well how to give first aid, to save life and minimize road accidents consequence. It`s important to motivate and train drivers to provide basic first aid treatment to victims until medical health providers arrives at accident site (Wiebe et al., 2021; Tashale & Alemu, 2019).
Health wellness is considered essential for every stage of life. Drivers are in a critical work that needs more attention to forming a healthy life style habits and behavior that must last for life time. The unhealthy life behaviors may contribute the prevalence of obesity and other chronic diseases as a result may cause of road injuries. An essential component in prevention and management of diseases is adoption of a healthy life style that may include eating a healthy balanced diet and actively engagement in organized physical activity (Mohsen et al., 2016; Omar, 2017).
Aim of the Study:
The aim of the study is to measure the effect of first aid program for high way car drivers, through
• Assessing knowledge of high way car drivers about road injuries and first aid related to high way road injuries.
• Assessing practice of high way car drivers about first aid related to high way road injuries.
• Assessing high way car drivers` life style.
• Develop and implement first aid program for high way car drivers` about first aid related to road traffic injuries and life style concerned with drivers based on their need Assessment.
• Evaluate the effect of first aid program related to road injuries on high way car drivers ’knowledge, practice and performance of life style behaviors.
Research Hypothesis:
First aid program improve high way car drivers` knowledge, practice and life style regarding to road injury.
Subject and Methods:
A quasi- experimental design was used in this study. The study was conducted on Assuit Governorate at Assuit high way car drivers (El-moalmeen station). e.g. Taxis, city car, mini bus and heavy transport drivers. The place was driver’s wating for their shifts. This site choosed because of this station has a great number of road injuries. Data was collected during their time waiting to get their shifts. Purposive sample, was used, it`s number of total sample was 140 drivers, characterized by:
• Age between 18-60 years old.
• Free from any chronic diseases or any disability that obstacle of giving first aid.
Data was collected by using two tools developed by the researcher and tested for validity and reliability and written in simple Arabic language to gather the following data.
Tool (1): A structured interviewing questionnaire sheet: It was developed by the researcher after reviewing a related literature and then written in simple Arabic language to gather the following data.
Part (I);
(A) The socio-demographic characteristics of high way car drivers which include age, marital status, education level, years of experience, daily working hours, place of life, type of license. It includes 7 closed end questions from Q1 to Q7 (Abd El- rahman et al., 2018).
(B) History of High way car drivers about exposure to road accidents which includes previous exposure to high way road accidents and if you take first aid courses before, if you give first aid measure to injured victims as first aid of bleeding, wound, fracture…etc. If you exposed to high way car accident before, what type of first aid given to you, what’s the time you take for treatment and if the accident leave deformity after treatment. It includes 13 closed end question from Q8 to Q20 (El Sharkasy et al., 2015).
Part (II):
This part was designed to assess driver’s knowledge, which consists of two prts.
(A) High way car driver’s knowledge about road injuries. It include meaning of road injuries, people who are the most exposure to road injuries, the consequence of road injuries, factors leads to road injuries, types of road injuries, causes of road injuries, how to avoid road injuries, Egypt role to avoid road injuries. It includes questions (Q21 to Q28).
(B) High way car driver’s knowledge about first aid principles. It includes the meaning of first aid, importance of first aid, principles of first aid, characteristics of first aider, component of first aid kit, methods of self-protection during first aid measure, role of first aider in high way road injuries. It includes questions (Q29 to Q35). The meaning of CPR, when we stop of CPR, meaning of shock, causes of shock, signs of shock, meaning of wound, types of wound, bleeding definition, types of bleeding, signs of internal bleeding, meaning of fracture, types of fracture, signs and symptoms of fracture, meaning of burn, burn degrees, signs of superficial burn, signs of second degree and third degree of burn and signs of seriously burn. It includes questions (Q36 to Q54) (El Sharkasy et al., 2015).
Part (III): The High way war driver’s life style related to road injuries.
• The life style scale provides information to develop individualized health plan that identifies life style strength and resources.
• The scale consist of 53 items measuring seven dimensions; nutrition (7 items), exercised (5 items), health (10 items), stress (7 items), interpersonal support (7 items), self-actualization (13 items), other habits (4 items) (Hassan W. et al., 2016).
• The responses of items are on four-point liker scale from never (1) to always (4).
• The total of each subscale is scored separately by summing up the responses. The total scale range from 53 to 212, with higher scale indicating more frequently performing health behaviors. The alpha coefficient reliability of subscale was 0.92 and the alpha coefficient reliability of sub scales varied from 0.70 to 0.90.
Tool (2): An Observational check list was used to observe high way drivers practice level regarding first aid.
• The scale includes CPR (13 items), Fracture (10 items), wound and bleeding (13 items), Shock (11 items), Burn (10 items), Pulse rate (8 items), Respiration rate (6 items).
The finding of the current study can be concluded as the following:
The Training is succeeds to improve high way car drivers` knowledge, practice and life style regarding to road injuries.
More than half of studied sample aged between 35 – 45years with mean age (21.27±5.53), nearly three quarters of studied sample had witness of road injuries before and nearly all have no revious first aid training program before. Nearly half have secondary education and only fifth of studied sample have exposure to road injuries. The training program show improvement in driver’s knowledge and practice about road injuries from (2.9%), (1.4%) respectively in pre training program to be reached to (95.7%), (100%) respectively after program implementation with mean SD (60.46±6.24), (54.12±2.63) in sequence.
Also, the training program show improvement in drivers life style related to road injuries from (18.6%) to be (100%) after program implementation with mean SD (161.18±7.11).
Also, there is a positive statistical significant correlation between total score of high way car drivers ’knowledge, total score of practice related to road injuries first aid and total score of life style in pre and post training program with R=0.517,R=0.350,R=0.705, p-value=0.001,p-value-0.05, p-value=0.001.
The findings of the present study suggest the following recommendations:
• Continuous of first aid training programs for high way car drivers related to road injuries to improve their knowledge, practice and life style.
• Increasing health education programs for high way car drivers about how to maintain health and achieve maximum level of well-being and avoid risky behaviors.
• First aid measures and life style programs should be planned, implemented and directed to be included among all health programs in a simple language through Radio and TV to aid educated and non-educated citizen road users.
• Enforcement of legislation to ensure that each car contain first aid kit and fire extinguisher.
• Repeat first aid training courses for all drivers and in all setting as work, schools, factories…etc.
• Increase driver’s awareness about the importance of regular health screening.