الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Shading units design has a significant effect on indoor environmental quality (IEQ) especially in workspaces, as it directly affects factors like daylighting, thermal performance, ventilation, and airflow. based on non-uniformities of climatic conditions, external shading units can help in optimizing indoor climate. Good indoor environmental quality can enhance the well-being of building occupants which in turn can improve productivity. recently, the influence of building skin on the indoor environment has attracted great attention. therefore, many countries have adopted the retrofitting strategy for existing buildings to improve efficiency. through a retrofitting strategy, and based on climatic diversities in Egypt; this research aims to find an adequate fixed external shading units’ design in public school buildings, (prototypical classrooms built by the General Authority of Educational Buildings GAEB). In order to Optimize daylighting performance, natural ventilation, and thermal sensation. Whereas in this type of multi-Objective investigations, the traditional simulation processes are inefficient, and the trial-and-error approach is too time-consuming Thus, this research adopted the Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) techniques which can help in finding optimal solutions. the retrofitting strategy has to take into account each model’s constraints, according to the conditions and requirements of each building design case. These constraints included (weather data files of climate zones, building orientation, prevailing construction materials for retrofit, schools’ spics, and occupation schedule….).
- The investigations were carried out via the use of ”Ladybug and Honeybee” which could gather many simulation engines and visualization tools “Energy plus, Open Studio, Radiance, Daysim, etc. ”. these simulation engines integrated with Rhino and Grasshopper for 3D modeling and parametric design. Octopus plug-in for MOO.
- Dynamic Daylighting Performance Metrics (DDPM), percentage time comfortable (PTC), and airflow volume (AFV) were adopted as objective parameters. three variables for shading units’ configurations were suggested as solution parameters, these variables were: shading units’ number of slats rows, depth, and inclination angle.
-The experiments were conducted in three phases. the first was the case study analysis, the second was determining the solution set passed on MOO, and the third was finding the optimum solution through a visual comfort analysis (Annual Sunlight Exposure ASE & Daylight Glare Probability DGP comparison).
- Two school building cases in two different climatic regions were investigated, representing examples of a southern-oriented classroom prototype in Cairo and Alexandria to represent Cairo and Delta Region and North Coast Region respectively.
-The results indicated that the investigated cases have a sufficient amount of daylight while suffering from nonuniformity and discomfort glare. results revealed also a significant positive effect of suggested shadings on daylight performance. the proposed units resulted in a 97.00% reduction in the area exposed to direct sunlight as ASE for base case 1, and 94.13% for base case 2. while it kept the availability within accepted limits. results showed that We can reduce the tSHG as annual avg. hourly significantly from 0.57 (kWh) to 0.085 (kWh)in C.D.R. and from 0.55 (kWh) to 0.09 (kWh) in N.C.R. And We can increase the Percentage Time Comfortable PTC in summer, autumn and spring in the both investigated regions. we can also decrease Mean Radiant Temperature MRT by value ranging from 0.5 c° to 1.5 c° around the year. the results also revealed a controlled effect on ventilation rates in the southern-oriented case study with horizontal shades. Besides, we can reduce the loss in number of air change per hour ACH as much as possible (1-2 ACH), thanks to the genetic algorithm methodology approach.
-This research also discussed briefly the impact of climatic regions diversities on shading units building materials in terms of availability and prevalence, and in terms of the suitability of its physical and mechanical properties for light construction purposes, the palm Leaves Midrib Blockboard and Egyptian Casuarina wood have been recommended in this research, as it has documented studies of its mechanical and physical properties qualifying it for being a basis for shading units design and construction.