الفهرس 
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Abstract
Recently, especially after scientific progress, it has spread the use of food additives in an unprecedented way; to preserve the taste, freshness, and the color of the foods, even fresh fruits and vegetables are treated with chemicals additives and preservatives. Thus, the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of potassium bromate (KBrO3) as food additives on haematological parameter, oxidative stress, liver function, kidney function, lipid profile, thyroid hormones on blood serum and the histopathological changes of the liver and kidney tissues.
Also, the present work was planned to investigate the influence and protective effect of Vitamin E and combination between Vitamin E+ KBrO3 on the same biological angles that disrupted by KBrO3. Twenty four male (6 in each group) albino rats were used and divided into four groups. The first group served a control. The animals in second group received KBrO3 (50mg/kg b.wt. gavage) orally. The third group treated with vitamin E only (30mg/kg b.wt.) gastric tube. The fourth group received vitamin E (30 mg/kg b.wt. gavage) an hour before KBrO3 administration. The treatments were carried out for a period of five successive weeks.
The results of the present study can be summarized as follows:
Clinical signs
There are clinical signs were observed as: difficulty in breathing and movement in KBrO3 group. In Vitamin E group, there are no marked changes relative to control group. Vitamin E+ KBrO3 treatment group showed an improvement relative to KBrO3 treated group
Body weight
In KBrO3 treated group the result revealed that significant reduction in the mean body weight, but in recovery group Vitamin E+ KBrO3 showed gain in the body weight relative to KBrO3 treated group. Also, the result observed normal body weight gain in the control group and Vitamin E treated group.
Physiological parameters
The Haematological investigation in the present work showed a significant reduction in Red Blood Cell count (RBCs), White Blood Cell count (WBCs), Blood platelets (PLTs), Haemoglobin content (HB), Haematocrite value (HCT) in KBrO3 treated group. In Vitamin E treated group, there are no marked changes comparing to control group. In recovery Vitamin E+ KBrO3 group; Vitamin E showed significant increasing the counts of RBCs, WBCs, PLTs, HB content and HCT value but failed to restore the decrease in PLTs, HB and HCT to the control values in KBrO3 treated group. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values showed a non-significant change between all groups.
The Biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the activity of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and Nitric Oxide (NO). There was also, decreasing in the level of glutathione (GSH) on blood serum. The results also observed a significant increase in the levels of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Bilirubin, Creatinine (CR), Urea, Uric acid, Total Cholesterol (T-CHOL), Triglycerides (TG) and Low density lipoprotein (LDL) with a non-significant decreasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). In addition to increasing the levels of triiodothyronin hormone (T3) and thyroxin hormone (T4) with a non-significant change of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in KBrO3 treated group as compared to the control group. In Vitamin E treated group, there are no marked changes comparing to control group. All the biochemical parameters showed significant changes in recovery group (Vitamin E+KBrO3) relative to KBrO3 treated group.
Histopathological results
The Histopathological examination of the liver sections treated with KBrO3 showed some lesions generally include cellular necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, activation of kupffer cell, cytoplasmic vaculation, there are many alterations of nuclei, cellular hyperplasia and displysia was noticed in KBrO3 treated group.
In addition, the Histopathological examination of kidney showed some lesions as: hypercellularity and congested of glomerular capillary tuft, vacuolation of some area in cortex, Some of glomerular urinary space was rather more narrowed than normal condition, lacked most of parietal and visceral epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule, There are many alterations of nuclei, Multifocal areas of periglomerular mononuclear cells aggregations were noticed, necrosis of the adjacent renal tubular epithelium, swelling of renal tubules and mild fibroplasia.
In Vitamin E treated group, there are no marked changes on histopathological examination of liver and kidney comparing to control group. The recovery group Vitamin E + KBrO3 showed noticeable improvement comparing to previous histopathological alteration of the liver and kidney in KBrO3 treated group.
Conclusion
In the light of the results obtained from the present study, it
could be concluded that KBrO3 has a toxic effect on the haematological parameters, oxidative stress, liver functions, kidney functions, Lipid profile and thyroid hormones in addition some histological alterations of liver and kidney tissues. Also, the present study revealed that; Vitamin E has a protective effect against KBrO3 toxicity that induced in male albino rats.
Recommendation:
1- Forbidden the usage of KBrO3, as a food additives and maturing agent in bread; due to its toxic and harmful effects for liver and kidney, as showed and proved by the findings of this study.
2- Potassium bromate should be replaced by other substances that considered as safer than KBrO3 as: Potassium and Calcium Iodate, Calcium Peroxide, Cysteine and Glutathione, Carbohydrase Enzymes, Oxidative Enzymes (lipoxygenase, glucose oxidase, sulfhydryl oxidase), Yeast Components (Natural source ofglutathione) (Lallemand BakingUpdate, 1996).