الفهرس 
2. IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are a severe problem for universal public health which increases morbidity and mortality rate. These resistant bacteria lead to ineffective treatment of drugs resulting in the spreading and persistence of infections. So, the objective of this study was to fight the most potent Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria present in wounds via green synthesis of nanoparticles. Wherefore seventy five wound swab specimens were gathered from various wounds and several patients (50 swabs from Central Microbiology Laboratory of El-Demerdash Hospital and 25 swabs from the Central Microbiology Laboratory of Wadi El- Nile hospital), Cairo, Egypt. One hundred and thirty four bacterial isolates from 2 hospitals were isolated (89 bacterial isolates/50 swabs were isolated from El-Demerdash and 45 bacterial isolates/25 swabs were isolated from Wadi El- Nile Hospitals) then cultured on different media and tested for their susceptibility to different 30 antibiotic discs in parallel using the agar disc diffusion method.
Among 63 MDR bacteria, 5 bacterial isolates showed resistant to 30 different antibiotic types (3 bacterial isolates from El-Demerdash Hospital and 2 bacterial isolates from Wadi El- Nile hospital) with MAR%100%. These resistant bacterial isolates were identified using morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Proteus mirabilis. For biosynthesis zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), four soil samples were collected from different locations at garden of Botany Department of Women Faculty for Arts, Science and Education, Ain Shams University. Fifteen isolates of fungi were isolated and screened for green synthesis ZnO NPs. The biosynthesized ZnO NPs were tested for their antimicrobial activity against the most potent MDR strains. The most effective fungal isolate in producing ZnO NPs that inhibiting the most potent MDR strains was identified using morphological and molecular techniques. The fungal isolate was identified as Aspergillus niger. Zinc oxide NPs were characterized by UV- spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infra-red (FT-IR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Zeta potential and particle size analysis.
The biosynthesized ZnO NPs have safe effect on normal melanocyte mammalian cell line (Hfb4) and also have antiviral activity on herpes simplex virus type 1(Hvs1) and antitumor effect on breast cancer cell lines (Mcf7).
The antimicrobial activity and also wound healing efficacy of biosynthesis ZnO NPs were tested by using two groups of female albino rats infected with Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and also their activity were compared with different agents. The results showed that biosynthesized ZnO NPs have a great effect on wound healing process compared by other agents used (saline, antibiotic, chemical synthesized ZnO NPs). Physiological and immunological analysis in rat models treated with biosynthesized ZnO NPs were done and the results showed decreasing in oxidative stress due to the presence of infection and also decrease inflammation. Histopathological studies in rat models were tested in 3 weeks to evaluate the wound healing process. The results indicated that after 14 days. ZnO NPs have a great efficacy on MDR strains and also improve the wound healing process.