الفهرس 
The impact of environmental regulations on international trade for the most important Agricultural Commodities between the European Union and Middle East and North Africa countrie
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Abstract
This study examines the impact of environmental regulations stringency on agricultural trade between European Union (EU) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA countries) during the period 2001-2014. The theoretical literature review has showed that environmental regulations are important determinants for international trade patterns in pollution-intensive products. Yet, the empirical evidence regarding this relationship has been inconclusive and produced mixed results. Using a gravity model and applying the Zero Inflated Poisson (ZIP) model, we estimate the impact of environmental regulations stringency on bilateral agricultural exports between 28 EU and 20 MENA countries during the period 2001-2014. The results have showed that environmental regulations do matter for agricultural trade between both regions because in the presence of excessive zero trade observations, they act as significant fixed export costs that affect the probability of trade. More stringent environmental regulations stimulate innovative efforts in cost-saving green technologies, which increase productivity, and positively affect agricultural exports. The results have favored the revisionist Porter Hypothesis (PH), according to which environmental regulations may stimulate innovative efforts, which mitigate the negative effects of higher fixed abatement costs and enhance trade competitiveness