الفهرس 
DEVELOPMENT OF TODDLERSOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
S
creen-time or digital-screen exposure is the duration of time spent by the individual in using electronic/digital media like television (TV), smartphone, tablet or computer.
Excessive screen time has proven to be an unhealthy habit that begins to develop in early childhood. However, little is known about correlates of screen media use for children under the age of 3 years. Previous reviews aggregated these correlates with data from children older than such an age.
The American Academy of Paediatrics recommends that, Until 18 months limit screen time use to video chatting along with an adult, Between 18- and 24-months screen time should be limited to watching educational programs, For children 2-5 years limit non educational screen time to about 1 hour / day and 3 hours on the weekend days. Despite these recommendations, in a typical day, 68% of all children under two use screen media (59% watch TV, 42% watch a video or DVD, 5% use a computer and 3% play video games), and these youngsters will spend an average of two hours and five minutes in front of a screen. Indeed, according to their parents, 43% of all children under two watch TV every day, and one-quarter (26%) have a TV in their bedroom. Seventy-four percent of all infants and toddlers have watched TV before age two .
One survey found that 29% of the 1000 parents interviewed allowed their children younger than 2 years to watch television (TV) because it is ‘good for their brains. Other parents admitted to not limiting their children’s screen time to avoid conflict and social isolation or to entertain or distract children. For example, one study of mothers confirmed that TV viewing by their children was useful in accomplishing household tasks, while another study found that parents commonly utilized mobile phone to occupy their children when eating out.
Even background television exposure has been shown to impact development by reducing the amount and quality of interactions between parents and children.
Studies show that while babies do not absorb content from TV, it can catch and hold their attention. They can imitate specific actions they see on screen between 6 and 14 months, and remember brief sequences by 18 months. Children begin to understand content by the end of their second year. There is solid evidence that infants and toddlers have difficulty transferring new learning from a 2D representation to a 3D object (e.g., from screen to real life) and are unlikely to learn from TV at this age (by contrast, they learn intensely through face-to-face interaction with parents and caregivers.
The aim of the current study was to determine the effect of screen time on different developmental aspects of toddlers.
This was a cross sectional observational study that was conducted at outpatient clinic, Children’s Hospital, Ain Shams University on children from 1 year to 3 years old. The study sample was divided into two groups According to recommendation of AAP : group I: 43 toddlers with recommended screen time group II: 85 toddlers with prolonged screen time . The study Period is for 6 months.
The results of our present study can be summarized as follows:
• There was a male predominance among prolonged screen time group 52 (61.2%) with no significant difference between recommended screen time and prolonged screen time.
• The current study showed that, there was no statistically significant difference between recommended screen time and prolonged screen time regarding Socioeconomic.
• The current study showed that, there was no statistically significant difference between recommended screen time and prolonged screen time regarding mother &father education, work (hours / week) and Screen time while there was statistically significant difference between recommended screen time and prolonged screen time regarding father Work (hours / week).
• The current study, there was statistically significant difference between recommended screen time and Prolonged screen time regarding Bayley score (cognitive, language and motor).
• The current study showed that, There was statistically significant positive correlation between Mother Screen time and Father Screen time and toddler screen time. There was statistically significant positive correlation between Age of Child and their screen time exposure during daytime . There was statistically significant negative correlation between Socioeconomic status and child screen time during night . There was statistically significant positive correlation between Mother Screen time and child screen time during daytime.
• The current study showed that, there was no statistically significant difference between type of media and screen time of toddlers .
• The current study showed that, there was statistically significant negative correlation between Cognitive and Language and Motor skills and Duration of child screen time exposure and Age at which screen time was allowed.