الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Natural products and their biological activities are presently a subject of great interest in the health food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. Medicinal plants are considered the richest resource of natural compounds having a wide range of applications for the prosperity of human population. Moringa oleifera (MO) is one among the highly nutritious cultivated tree all over world because of its medicinal value. It belongs to the family Moringaceae and genus Moringa has 14 species. Fresh leaves from MO are a good source of vitamin, minerals, polyphenols and alkaloids. Moringa oleifera has many biological activity as anti-diabetic, antioxidant and anticancer properties.
This thesis comprises three parts in addition to references.
1- Introduction comprises the introduction which presents brief accounts on natural product, Moringa oleifera, scientific classification, morphology, bioactive components in Moringa oleifera such as quercetin and their biological activities. This introduction also includes a brief account on nanoparticles, nanomaterial (synthesis, types, applications), radioactivity and nuclear medicine.
2- Materials and Methods: This part contains materials (chemicals, equipment and tools, radioactive material and animals used in this thesis). Also includes briefly notes about methodology used for preparation and HPLC analysis of Moringa oleifera leaves methanol extract also contains synthesis and characterization of MO/asc.-Se-NPs and quer./asc.-Se-NPs. Experiments contain induction of HCC in rat and histopathological and biochemical studies, also it contain biological analysis and radiosynthesis of MO/asc.-Se-NPs and quer./asc.-Se-NPs.
3- Results and discussion: This part is divided into two main parts:
The first part focuses on HPLC-assay of flavonoids and phenolic components as presented in Moringa oleifera leaves methanolic extract showed the highest to the lowest concentrations.
Synthesis and characterization of MO/asc.-Se-NPs: TEM shows spherical shape NPs with mean diameter 30 nm; while DLS shows 211.8 average hydrodynamic diameter and its stability appeared by measuring zeta potential giving 36.6 mV indicating the stability of the colloidal MO/asc.-Se NPs.
Antioxidant capacity MO/asc.-Se NPs (DPPH assay) showed the highest scavenging activity with IC50 of 3.79±0.87 μL/mL,
Radiolabeling of MO/asc.-Se-NPs using technetium-99m which affected by different parameters which include reducing agent amount, pH, MO/asc.-Se-NPs, and reaction time. Under optimum conditions, the radiochemical yield of 97.2% was obtained by using 10 µg Sn (II), 1 mL MO/asc.-Se-NPs at pH 5 after 20 minutes, The biodistribution of [99mTc]Tc-MO/asc.-Se-NPs showed the uptake ratio in liver was starting from 51.35 to 31.01 % ID/g after 15 and 360-minutes post-injection, respectively.
Biochemical study: group 1 (Rats without treatment) and group 2 MO/asc.-Se NPs supplement group (Rats received weekly dose of MO/asc.-Se-NPs) showed normal results. group 3 (HCC Induction group without treatment) showed significantly higher levels of liver enzyme ALT, AST and lower levels of Alb where the results were 102 ± 3.06 U/L, 286 ± 8.58 U/L and 2.59 ± 0.07 mg/dl, respectively, compared with other groups while in preventive group 4 (Rats received weekly dose of MO/asc.-Se NPs in parallel with the induction protocol of HCC induction group) showed lower level of ALT, AST and increase of Alb than group 3.80 ± 2.40 U/L, 156 ± 4.68 U/L and 3.23 ± 0.10 mg/dl, respectively, and in treatment group 5 (treatment course after HCC induction) with MO/asc.-Se-NPs observed more improvement in liver enzymes and albumin with results 69 ± 2.07 U/L, 138 ± 4.14 U/L and3.46 ± 0.11 mg/dl, respectively.
Antioxidants and lipid peroxidation (MDA) showed significantly high lipid peroxidation in liver tissue homogenate in group 3 compared to other groups with value 447.49; while preventive group 4 and treatment group 5 observed a significantly decreased in MDA with levels 243.80 and 157.24, respectively.
Inflammatory markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased in HCC group 3 with value of 1030.3 compared with other experimental groups while in preventing group 4 and treatment groups 5 noticed a significantly decrease in the rate of IL-6 with 522.1 and 429.5, respectively.
Histopathological effect of Moringa oleifera on HCC showed that control group displayed normal liver tissue compared with other groups while in (MO/asc.-Se NPs drug supplement) group 2 noticed mild perivascular infiltration with Von kupffer cells and fibroblast with diffuse hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes compared with the normal group, but severe liver lesions in all experimental rats in group 3 ranged from inflammation, fibrosis till carcinomas induction compared with normal and drug supplement groups, while in the prevention group displayed mild to moderate lesions and few cases showed early carcinomas development in comparison with group 3 and finally, in group 5 MO/asc.-Se NPs drug treatment noticed tissue improvements and diminished lesions through showed only a few reversible degenerative changes as diffuse hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes in the hepatic parenchyma.
The second part focuses on quercetin which is one of the most effective free radical scavenger in the flavonoid family in medicinal field.
Synthesis and characterization of quer./asc.-Se-NPs: TEM shows spherical shape NPs with mean diameter 25 nm; while DLS shows 239.6 average hydrodynamic diameter and its stability appeared by measuring zeta potential giving 40.4 mV indicating the stability of the colloidal quer./asc.-Se-NPs.
Quer./asc.-Se-NPs antioxidant capacity: IC50 of quer./asc.-Se-NPs has the highest value scavenging activity with 4.29±0.16 μL/mL compared to separated components selenium, ascorbic acid and quercetin with IC50 values >1000 , 8.05±0.50 μL/mL and >1000, respectively.
Formation of [131I]I-quer./asc.-Se-NPs: RCY of 82.24 ± 2.46 % was obtained in 1 mL total reaction volume by the addition of 10 µL Na131I containing 2 mCi to a mixture of 750 µL of quer./asc.-Se-NPs and 200 µg CAT at pH 7 at room temperature for 1 hour.
Biodistribution study showed the highest value of radioactivity was observed in liver which started with 13.23 ± 0.66% ID/g at 15 min p.i. and increased to 29.12 ± 1.45% ID/g after 2 hrs, while intestine began with 9.34 ± 0.46% ID/g and reached the highest value after 2 hrs. with 25.11 ± 1.25% ID/g and in kidney has lower value 7.36 ± 0.36% ID/g at 15 min and increased to 13.12 ± 0.65% ID/g after 2 hr