الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITTERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION
This study was carried out two field experiments during two consecutive seasons (2016 – 2017). grown in private sector farm at El–Sadate, Nubaria Governorate, Egypt
1. First experiment:
This experiment included on four trees of apple Malus domestica (Anna, Ein Shemer, Dorset Golden, E25). Cultivars; Ein Shemer, Dorset Golden and E25 used as pollen source (parental) while Anna cultivar used as maternal plant to improve its qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The trees were healthy and nearly uniform in vigour and free from any pathogenic symptoms and subjected to the ordinary horticultural practices.
The main goals of this study were to investigate self and cross (compatibility and/or incompatibility) for Anna apple cultivar and Ein Shamir, Dorset Golden and E25, apple cultivars via following of pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Studying the ability of Anna cultivar to produce pollen viability, fertilization and the effect of different pollen on fruit set, physical and chemical fruit properties.
The first experiment included the following investigations: -
1. Viability of pollen grains..
2. The compatibility and incompatibility between Anna and other cultivars under study.
3. The Effect of different pollination treatments on initial fruit set and fruiting percentages.
4. Effect of different pollination treatments on some physical properties of fruits
a) Fruit weight.
b) Fruit volume.
c) Fruit Length.
d) Fruit diameter.
e) Fruit shape index.
f) Number of seeds per fruit.
5. Effect of different pollination treatments on some chemical properties of fruits.
a) Total Soluble solids content (T.S.S %).
b) Titeratable acidity %.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
1. The viability of pollen grains.
Generally, the four apple cultivars under this study exhibited high pollen viability. However, Dorset Golden and Ein Shamir cultivars showed the highest percentage of pollen viability compared to E25 and anna cultivars.
2. The compatibility and incompatibility between anna and other cultivars under study.
Cross pollination Pollen tubes of Dorset Golden and Ein Shimer cultivars showed levels of cross-compatibility when fertilized with Anna styles; some of the pollen tubes were visible in the upper part of the style and reached the end of the style after 3 days from pollination
Anna styles when pollinated with E25 pollens in the most cases, some of the styles showed abnormal pollen tube growth which grew through the styles by spaced of callus plugs along to the tube and they reached the lower part of the style 4 days after pollination. On the same side, although most of the pollen grains of E25 cultivar germinated on the stigma surface, the pollen tube grew slowly with heavy deposition of callose along to the tube where its growth stopped in the lower part of the style 4 days after pollination
Partial Cross-incompatibility was observed when Anna cv. flowers were pollinated with E25 pollens. Some of the styles showed normal Based on the obtained results. In addition, Anna cultivar showed cross-incompatibility when pollinated with E25 pollen grains. Moreover, the presence of short tubes from E25, which were unable to penetrate the stigma of Anna pistil as well as twisting tube as showed in However, most of the pollen tubes, which grew through the styles characterized by terminal calluses plugs at the end of pollen tube.
Anna cultivar seemed to be self-incompatible. However, the presence of short tubes from Anna were observed, these tubes were unable to penetrate the stigma of own pistil as well as twisting tube on the other hand, most of the pollen tubes, which grew through the styles characterized by Decomposition of callose along the tube, which stopped of 1/3 of style length after 7 days from pollination.
3. The effect of different pollination treatments on initial fruit set and fruiting percentages.
Cross pollination by Dorset Golden gave highest significant initial fruit set and fruiting percentage compared to other combinations. And E25 gave lowest significant in initial fruit set and fruiting percentages.
4. The effect of different pollination treatments on physical properties of fruits.
1. Fruit weight and volume of anna cultivar were affected by different pollination treatments; there was significant increase with compatible pollination, while no pollination significantly decreased them.
2. Fruit length and diameter of anna cultivar were affected by different pollination treatments. there was significant increase in diameter with compatible pollination, compared to open pollination.while increasing in fruit length with open pollination.
3. Fruit shape of anna was influenced by the type of pollination, as when was crossed by Dorset Golden and Ein Shamir the obtained fruits were nearly round, and when crossed with E25,self.open pollination fruit was flat. These differences in the shape of fruit might be related to the different ability of pollen grains to produce seeds.
4. Number of seeds per fruit was affected by the degree of compatibility. As it significantly increased in compatible combination (anna X Dorset Golden), while there was significant decrease in self and open. relationship between fruit weight and seeds number per fruit, because fruit weight increased speedily by increasing number of seeds per fruit until, it reaches 5 seeds per fruit after that the increasing increment was slowly
5. Fruit pulp thickness increasing in open pollution and Ein Shamir compared with anthers cultivars
6. The effect of different pollination treatments on chemical properties of fruits.
T.S.S and titeratable acidity ratio increasing with Dorset Golden compared with anthers cultivars
2. Second experiment:
Experiment aims to study the effect of soaking of Anna buds apple cultivars in some mutagenic chemicals (ethyl methane sulfonate - colchicine - maleic hydrazine) for 24 hours and grafting on Malus root stock on the survival percentage after grafting and some vegetative growth and fruiting characteristics.
The experiment included 10 treatments.
1. Soaking for 24 hours in ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) at 0.05%
2. Soaking for 24 hours in ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) at 0.1%
3. Soaking for 24 hours in ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) at 0.2%
4. Soaking for 24 hours in malic hydrazine (MH) at 0.05%
5. Soaking for 24 hours in malic hydrazine (MH) at 0.1%
6. Soaking for 24 hours in malic hydrazine (MH) at 0.2%
7. Soaking for 24 hours in colchicine at 0.05%
8. Soaking for 24 hours in colchicine at 0.1%
9. Soaking for 24 hours in colchicine at 0.2%
10. Soaking in tap water for 24 hours (contro)
Obtained results can be summarized as follows:
1- Survival percentage after grafting:
Control (87.52) apple treatment gave the highest significant survival percentage after grafting and treatment colchicines 0.2% (25.47) gave the lowest significant
2- Tree characteristic:
a) Tree height: the highest significant value of tree height was achieved with mutation treatments of colchicine (0.2%) it was (174.11 cm-183.11 cm). during the two seasons respectively,
b) Trunk diameter: mutation treatments of MH 0.1 gave the highest value (5.10 – 5.31 cm) in two seasons respectively,
c) Total yield of tree: the highest value of total yield was achieved with treatments of EMS 0.1% it was (5.91kg) in the first season. whiel of colchicine 0.05% gave the highest value (5.38 kg) in second season.
3) Vegetative characteristic
a) Leaf petiole: the treatments MH 0.1% significant highest value it was (3.39 cm-3.63 cm). respectively, during the two seasons.
b) Number of internodes: the highest significant value was achieved with mutation treatments of MH 0.2% it was (41.04) in the first season and EMS 0.1% (44.30) in the second season.
c) Leaf length: the highest value of leaf length was achieved with mutation treatments of colchicine 0.1% it was (8.31cm) in the first season and EMS 0.05% it was (8.46cm) in the second season.
f) Leaf width: highest significant value of leaf width was achieved with mutation treatments of colchicine 0.1% (5.18-4.69cm) respectively, in two seasons.
g) Leaf area: the mutation treatments of colchicine 0.1% significant highest value of leaf area it was (28.71 cm2) in the first season while treatments colchicine 0.2% (26.89 cm2) gave highest value in the second season.
3- Physical fruit properties:
a) Fruit weight: the highest significant value was achieved with mutation treatments of colchicine 0.05% it was (118.71g) in the first season and colchicine 0.1% (115.69g) in the second season.
b) Fruit volume: colchicine 0.05% it was (140.06 cm3) gave the highest value in the first season while colchicine 0.1% (140.93 cm3) in the second season.
c) Fruit length: highest value was achieved with mutation treatments of colchicine 0.1% it was (6.56cm) in the first season and MH 0.1% (6.21cm) in the second season. .
d) Fruit diameter: The mutation treatments of MH 0.05% it was (6.17cm) gave highest value in the first season and MH 0.1% (5.80cm) in the second season.
e) Fruit pulp thickness (cm.): highest value of fruit pulp was achieved at treatments of colchicine 0.1% it was (2.10cm) in the first season and MH 0.05% it was (2.16cm) in the second season.
4- Chemical properties of fruits.
a) Titratable acidity (%): Titratable acidity gave highest value with treatments of colchicine 0.1% it was (0.56% and 0.59 %) in the first and second seasons respectively,
b) Total soluble solids (T.S.S): treatments of MH 0.05% gave highest significant value of total soluble solids (T.S.S) it was (13.94% and 13.90%) in the first and second seasons respectively,
5) Relationship and correlation coefficient based on phenotypic dendogram:
Colchicine 0.05% and colchicine 0.1%, this reflect a similar effect of colchicine at the two concentration on tested phenotype characteristics.
Conclusion:
from present study, it can be inferred that, ’Anna’ apple is not a self- incompatible cultivar and requires pollinator to improve yielding. Dorset Golden apple cultivar is the best pollinizer for the Anna apple cultivar for were observed with Dorset in compare to other cultivars ( Ein shemer and E25), the high percentage of the viability of pollen grains in T.T.C after 24h., the initial and final percentage of the fruit after the crosses.in addation to the effect of chemical substances (EMS, MH and colchicine) with concentration at (0.05, 0.1and 0.2%) on survival percentage after grafting, vegetative growth, fruit quality and total yield of tree chemical substances given the best results in vegetative growth, fruit quality and total yield of tree compared with control. However, control gave highest value on survival percentage after grafting. Relationship and correlation coefficient based on phenotypic dendogram showed that colchicine 0.05% and colchicine 0.1%, this reflect a similar effect of colchicine at the two concentration on tested phenotype characteristics.