الفهرس 
Apical transportation and canal cleanliness of protaper next versus protaper universal, rotary nickel titanium files
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Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate apical transportation, transportation direction, volume of removed dentin (volumetric change), and percentage of uninstrumented (untouched) canal wall surface area after biomechanical preparation of a moderate to severely curved root canals using two different continuous rotation NiTi systems (ProTaper Next and ProTaper Universal). Sixty mesio-buccal root canals of mandibular first and second molars with a curvature of 25{u00BA}{u2013}35{u00BA} Schneider’s angle were assigned randomly to two groups of thirty canals each according to the instrument used: group A (ProTaper Next), group B (ProTaper Universal). Before instrumentation, the groups were balanced with respect to the average curvature, radius, working length, volume, and surface area of root canals based on CBCT images taken. After the pre-instrumentation CBCT scanning, the root canals were filled with India ink under negative suction. All root canals were shaped to an apical size of 30 using ProTaper Next (PTN) or ProTaper Universal (PTU): PTN X3 (#30/.07) or PTU F3 (#30/.09{u2013}.05), respectively. Canals were scanned after instrumentation using CBCT scanner to evaluate apical transportation and transportation direction at cervical, middle, and apical third cross sectional levels, and volumetric changes for the whole canal. After the post-instrumentation CBCT scanning, mesiobuccal root canal lumen was longitudinally sectioned in a mesio-distal direction with respect to the bucco-lingual curvature. Then, the lingual half of the mesio-buccal root canal lumen of all samples was photographed at 23x magnification using a digital camera for the assessment of percentage of remaining India ink surface area at three levels (apical, middle, and cervical thirds). SPSS version 20.0 software was used for statistical analysis