الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 307 |  |  |
| | | from | 307 | | |
Abstract
SUMMARY
Oxidative stress is one of the factors that greatly affect the biological parameters in humans and animals and that activate the production of free radicals. It is known that the organism is equipped with defense systems against oxidative stress factors, and these systems are either enzymatic SOD, CAT and GR or non-enzymatic antioxidants such as reduced glutathione GSH, which reduces unwanted free radical produced from oxidative stress and works to create a state of equilibrium and remove those free cracks. This study aims to find a solution to the problem of physical (hazard as rays) and chemical oxidative stress, The first comes as a result of exposure to radiation, such as UV rays specially UVA, while the second is caused by chemicals and pollutants that enter the biological system of the living organism. The current study, will investigates two types of stress factors, the first chemical using the thioacetamide (TAA) compound, and the second physical by using ultraviolet (UVA) rays by treating each of them on white experimental mice during a period of time up to three months at least, and trying to remove these two types of chemical and physical oxidative stress using Two types of treatments, the first using selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs) and the second by molecular hydrogen (H2) or hydrogen rich water (HRW), by designing four experiments on white male albino rats as follows:
The first experiment: included untreated normal control group SeNPs group HRW group and both SeNPs + HRW group.
The second experiment: chemical oxidative stress that induced stress by thioacetamide (TAA) injection into the peritoneum in male albino rats, then treated with selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs), hydrogen rich water (HRW) and combined SeNPs + HRW.
The third experiment: physical oxidative stress that induced stress by exposing to ultraviolet (UVA) rays, then male albino rats were treated with selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs), hydrogen rich water (HRW) and combined SeNPs + HRW.
The fourth experiment: the experiment of couple oxidative stresses agents induced by TAA and exposed to UVA rays then male albino rats treated with selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs), hydrogen rich water (HRW) and combined SeNPs + HRW.
To achieve these goals, 96 white male albino rats of approximately the same age and weight (120±5 grams) were selected and divided into four groups (24 rat per group), then each group was divided into (six rat per group) as follow:
The groups of the experimental study were as follows:
1- Normal Control
2- Selenium Nanoparticles (SeNPs)
3- Hydrogen rich water (HRW)
4- Selenium Nanoparticles and Hydrogen rich water
5- Thioacetamide (TAA)
6- Thioacetamide and Selenium Nanoparticles
7- Thioacetamide and Hydrogen rich water
8- Thioacetamide + Selenium Nanoparticles & Hydrogen rich water
9- UV rays
10- UV rays + Selenium Nanoparticles
11- UV rays + Hydrogen rich water
12- UV + Selenium Nanoparticles & Hydrogen rich water
13- TAA + UV
14- TAA + UV and Selenium Nanoparticles
15- TAA + UV and Hydrogen rich water
16- TAA + UV treated with Selenium Nanoparticles & Hydrogen rich water
(A) Biochemical analysis:
The obtained results of vital signs were made in serum, plasma, blood could be summarized in the main following points:
1- Liver functions (AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, ALP activities)
The results illustrated that oxidative stress intraperitonially induced by TAA in rats group led to a significant increase in serum AST and ALT enzymes activity then treated with SeNPs & HRW, led to a significant lowering in activity of AST and ALT enzymes compared to normal control, also rats exposed to UV reveal a significant increase in serum AST and ALT enzymes activity followed by decreasing enzymes activity after rats treated with SeNPs & HRW compared to untreated control.
2- Kidney functions (serum urea and creatinine levels)
Rats treated with TAA & UV show higher serum urea & creatinine levels then administrating orally with SeNPs & HRW led to a significant decrease in serum urea and creatinine levels compared to normal control.
3- Lipid peroxidation as MDA (oxidative stress biomarkers)
Results of plasma MDA level show that the groups which treated with SeNPs & HRW led to a significant decrease in plasma MDA level compared to normal control. Whereas the reduction of MDA level after SeNPs & HRW treatments were significant markedly after higher elevation induced due to TAA & UV treatment.
4- Measurement of antioxidant enzymes
Results of erythrocytes SOD level show that groups treated with SeNPs & HRW reveal a significant increase in SOD level (oxidative stress biomarkers) compared to normal control. Moreover, the reduction of SOD level happened due to TAA & UV treatments were restored rats treated with SeNPs & HRW. Also, the same trend was noticed in blood catalase activity and plasma glutathione reductase activities.
5- Measurement of non-enzymatic antioxidant molecules (reduced glutathione)
The results indicated that rats induced stress by TAA then orally treated with SeNPs & HRW show a significant higher in GSH level after lowering due to TAA treatments compared to normal control The reduction of GSH level in TAA & UV group treatments were restored after rats treated with SeNPs & HRW.
6- Lipid profile (total cholesterol and triglycerides)
The results indicated that rats induced stress by TAA show elevation in lipid profile then orally treated with SeNPs & HRW led to a significant decrease in lipid profile levels compared with normal control. Meanwhile, rats after exposed to UV orally treated with SeNPs & HRW show a significant decrease in total cholesterol and triglycerides level compared with normal control.
(B) Histopathological inspection:
The obtained results could be summarized in the main following points:
Microscopical examinations of liver tissues of rats treated with SeNPs & HRW show a slight improvement in liver islets and an obvious regeneration in liver cells of rats get stressed by TAA. Also, the same trend noticed UVA rays. In conclusion, SeNPs & HRW restoring relatively enzymes activity AST, ALT, LDH, GGT & ALP level near the normal level and decrease blood glucose and increase levels of antioxidant near to normal control.
The results show the following:
1- The current, work show that treatment with thioacetamide caused a significant increase in the level of malondialdehyde and lipid peroxidation, along with a significant decrease in glutathione and antioxidant enzymes occurred.
2- Treatment with either Nano-selenium or HRW or both (combined) led to a significant improvement of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant biomarker molecules in rat groups. The results show a decrease in malondialdehyde values near the level of the control group (Normal Control) and reveal an improvement in the levels of redox enzymes and reduced glutathione compared to the groups treated with oxidative stress factors TAA & UV.
3- The current, work show that treatment with ultraviolet rays led to significant increase change parameters in the vital indicators of the measurements that were tested in the blood, plasma and serum of the different groups.
The results of this current indicate that treatment with oxidative stress factors (chemical and physical) lead to a deterioration in the measured biomarkers, this deterioration can be stopped by treating with both Nano-selenium and hydrogen rich water, which led to the activation of defense mechanisms, which reflect an increase in catalase and antioxidant enzyme activities, which led to a reduction in the levels of biomarkers as a result of oxidative stress, meaning that both Nano-selenium and hydrogen rich water led to capture of free radicals produced from oxidative stress and enhance enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanism in biological systems. The study suggests conducting more investigation in this field to improve the resistance mechanisms in living organisms.
The current work discloses the ordering efficacy of SeNPs & HRW to utilize as single or together in treatments:
It is pointed out that combined treatment with SeNPs & HRW comes first followed by HRW while SeNPs comes later as individual antioxidant agents these ranking in antioxidant effect of these agents are rational and confirmed practically due to HRW was play as a reducing agent in metabolism and could work to prevent the depletion of antioxidant reducing molecules such as GSH when oxidized to GSSG as a result of ROS production and so HRW induce higher reducing media in biological system and so it has the powerful activity to inhibit oxidative stress either chemical or physical especially its capability to penetrate the cells due to its lower diameter and size, thus HRW has two advantage its lower molecule and its reducing power. Meanwhile, SeNPs come after HRW in ranking as antioxidant due to its lower molecule as nano and second its antioxidant activity, besides it’s a part of biomolecules like amino acids i.e. selenocysteine and both SeNPs & HRW have not charge. Finally the combination of SeNPs & HRW has all these previous advantage and so could face the oxidative stress resulted from oxidative agents either external or internal biological system. Therefore, this study focusses on the importance of multiple antioxidants agents to restore and ameliorate the damage which may happen due to environmental pollution and introduce the easiest and simplest way to face this oxidative stress phenomenon without side effect or losing much money.