الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The present study was carried out in the apiary of the bee Research Institute Al kanater Al Khayriya Branch and in the private sector in the apiary located in Namoul village, Toukh region, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt during 2018 and 2021.
6.1. Evaluation of two pure honey bee strains; Italian (Apis mellifera ligustica) and Carniolan (Apis mellifera carnica) and their hybrids (F1) Italian and Carniolan in pollen production.
To evaluate the efficiency of some honey bee strains of honey bees in collecting bee pollen, the experiment was carried out in the private sector in the apiary located in Namoul village, Toukh region, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt during different seasons 2018 and 2019. Drawer bee pollen traps (front bee pollen traps) were used in this evaluation.
6.1.1. Pollen production during summer season, 2018.
The total and average amounts of bee pollen (gm) in addition average/colony/day (gm) collected by two pure honey bee races and their hybrids, F1 during summer season started on July 1st until the middle of September, 2018 were 16.268, 21.495, 14.796 and, 17.622 (gm) with an average of 2033.50, 2686.88, 1849.63 and 2202.75 gm/colony, while, the amounts of bee pollen collected per colony/day 9gm) were 36.31, 47.98, 33.03 and 39.33 gm/colony/day for Italian pure (Apis mellifera ligustica), Italian hybrid F1, Carniolan pure (Apis mellifera carnica) and carniolan hybrid F1, respectively. Data revealed that significant differences were found in bee pollen collection among all the tested strains during summer season.
It can be concluded that, the Italian hybrid (F1) significantly collected the highest amounts of bee pollen during the summer season (21.495 gm), followed by Carniolan hybrid (F1) (17.622 gm) and Italian pure (16.268 gm) without significant differences between them, meanwhile the Carniolan pure race significantly collected the lowest amounts of bee pollen during the summer season (14.796 gm). Regardless, the evaluated honey bee races, the total amounts of bee pollen collected by different honey bee strains were 8138, 14079, 17342, 9325, 8734, 6165, 3785, 2614 gm with an average of 254.31, 439.96, 541.94, 291.41, 272.94, 192.65, 118.28 and 81.69 gm/colony during the inspection period in July, August and September. It also concluded that the highest amounts of bee pollen collected during the summer season was in July while the lowest amounts of bee pollen collected during the summer season was in August and the middle of September.
6.1.2. Pollen production during autumn season, 2018.
The obtained results indicated that the total amounts of bee pollen collected during autumn season, started on October until the middle of December, 2018 were 776, 1278, 898 and 1326 (gm) with an average of 97.00, 159.75, 112.25 and 170.25 (gm), while the average amount/ colony/ day (gm) was 2.31, 3.80, 2.97 and 4.05 gm/ colony/ day for Italian pure, Italian hybrid (F1), Carniolan pure and Carniolan hybrid (F1), respectively.
The data summarized that, the hybrid honey bee races Italian and Carniolan (F1) significantly surpassed their parents in bee pollen production where they collected the highest amounts of bee pollen during autumn season without significant difference was found between them, followed by their parents without significant different was found between the pure races (parents) during the aforementioned period.
Regardless, the two honey bee races evaluated, the data clearly showed that, the highest amounts of bee pollen collected (gm) was in October 1894 (gm) with an average of 59.18 (gm/colony), followed by November 1475 (gm) with an average 46.09 (gm/colony), while, the lowest amounts of bee pollen collected during autumn season was in December 945 (gm) with an average 28.96 (gm/colony). The data obviously showed that, significant differences were found in pollen production between the parents and the hybrids.
6.1.3. Pollen production during winter season, 2018.
The results represented that, the total amounts of bee pollen collected during winter season (gm) were 1704, 2055, 1496 and 1932 (gm) with an average of 213.00, 256.88, 187.00 and 241.50 (gm/colony), while the average amount of bee pollen collected colony/ day (gm) was 5.07, 6.12, 4.54 and 5.75 gm/ colony/ day for Italian pure (Apis mellifera ligustica), Italian hyprid (F1), Carniolan pure (Apis mellifera carnica) and Carniolan hybrid (F1), respectively.
The highest amounts of bee pollen collected during winter season was recorded in hybrid races without significant difference between them, followed by their parents, which collected the lowest amounts of bee pollen without significant difference was found between them during the aforementioned period.
To sum up, data showed that, the highest amount of bee pollen collected were recorded on 23 of February until 8th of March 4640 (gm) with an average of 145.00 (gm/colony), followed by the period 26 of January until 8th of February 2096 (gm) with an average of 65.50 (gm/colony), while, the lowest amount of bee pollen collected during winter season was recorded in last week of December and first of January 451.00 (gm) with an average of 14.09 (gm/colony). The data clearly showed that, the hybrid (f1) of Italian and Carniolan races significantly surpassed their parents in pollen production, without significant difference between them.
6.1.4. Pollen production during spring season, 2019.
The total amounts of bee pollen collected during spring season were 5833, 6166, 4221 and, 4953 (gm) with an average of 729.125, 770.75, 527.63 and 619.13(gm/colony), while the average amount colony/day (gm) was 14.88, 15.73, 10.77 and 12.94 gm/ colony/day for Italian pure, Italian hyprid (F1), Carniolan pure and Carniolan hybrid (F1), respectively.
Bee pollen production during spring season obviously summarized that, the pure Italian and its hybrid collected the highest amounts of bee pollen during spring season without significant difference between them, followed by Carniolan hybrid (F1), meanwhile the Carniolan pure race significantly collected the lowest amounts of bee pollen during spring season, 2019. Regardless the honey bee races evaluated, the data showed that, the highest amounts of bee pollen collected was on 4-10 May 3943 (gm) and on 18-24 of May 3639 (gm) with an average 123.21 and 113.71(gm/colony), respectively, while, the lowest amounts of bee pollen collected was on the middle of June 2113 (gm) with an average of 66.03 (gm/colony).
6.1.5. Pollen production during different seasons 2018/2019.
from the obtained results we can concluded that, among the production seasons, the highest amounts of bee pollen produced in study areas were recorded in summer season 70182 (gm) with an average of 274.15 (mg/colony) followed by spring season 21173 (gm) with an average of 44.53 (gm/colony) then, winter season 7187 (gm) with an average of 74.86 (gm /colony) while, the lowest amounts were recorded during autumn season 4314 (mg) with an average of 44.75 (gm/colony).
6.2. Evaluation of different types of bee pollen-collecting traps in bee pollen collection:
Eighteen (F1) hybrid Carniolan honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera carnica L.) with the same colony strength were selected for this study; each one contained eight frames covered with adult honey bees and six frames of broods. They were divided into three different groups; each group contained six honey bee colonies three different types of pollen-collection traps (Front Drawer Pollen traps (Type, 1), The Bottom Pollen traps (Type, 2) and Plastic Slides traps (Type, 3) were used for this study
Data summarized that bee pollen traps (Type, 2), significantly collected the highest total and average amounts of bee pollen followed by bee pollen traps (Type, 1 and 3). The total amounts (gm) of bee pollen collected were 5381, 11515 and 3714 (gm) with an average of 896.33, 1919.17 and 619.00 (gm/colony), while the average amount colony/day (gm) was 17.93, 38.33 and 12.38 gm/ colony/day for bee pollen traps type (1, 2, 3), respectively during the production period which extended from first of July until September 21, 2018.
6.3. Relationship between presence and absence of bee pollen and honeybee colony strength.
The current experiment was conducted during summer, season, which extended from July 1st until September 1st, 2019 to study the effect of absence bee pollen on honeybee colony strength. For this study, twelve F1 Italian hybrid honey bee colonies were used, they were equal in colony strength, each one contained eight frames covered with adult honey bees and six brood combs.
6.3.1. Frames covered with adult bees:
At the beginning of the experiment on July1st the numbers of frames covered with adult bees were eight frames/ colony for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively without significant differences found between the three tested groups. After one month on August,1st the numbers of frames covered with adult bees were 6.00, 8.00 and 8.00 frame/ colony, the results record that group (1), which had bee pollen-collection traps on their entrance significantly contained the lowest number of frames covered with bees; while the highest number of frames covered with bees were in group 2 and 3 without significant differences between them.
At the end of the experiment on September,1st the numbers of frames covered with adult bees were 9.00, 7.00 and 5.25 frame/colony for group 3, 2 and 1, respectively. The highest number of frames covered with adult bees was recorded in group (3) followed by group (2), while the lowest number was in group (1), significantly difference was found between the three tested groups.
6.3.2. Frames of brood:
At the beginning of the experiment on July,1st at the beginning of the experiment the numbers of brood frames were six frames of brood/ colony for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively there were no significant differences was found between the three tested groups. On August,1st the numbers of frames of brood were 4.75, 6.50 and 7.00 frames/colony, the results record that group (1) which had bee pollen-collection traps on their entrance significantly had the lowest number of brood frames; while the highest number of brood frames were in group 2 and 3 without significant differences between them.
At the end of the experiment on September,1st the numbers of frames of brood were 8.00, 6.00, and 3.50 frames of brood /colony for group 3, 2 and 1, respectively. The highest number of brood frames was recorded in group (3) followed by group (2), while the lowest number was in group (1), significantly difference was found between the three tested group.
6.3.3. Brood area cm2
The mean brood area at the beginning of the experiment on July,1st was 2420.50, 2398.00 and 2506.00 brood cm2/ colony for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively there were no significant differences was found between the three tested groups. On August,1st the mean brood area cm2 was 1724.00, 2767.00 and 3262.00 brood cm2//colony for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively, the highest mean brood area cm2 was recorded in group (3) followed by group (2), while the lowest number was in group (1), significantly difference was found between the three tested groups.
After three months, at the end of the experiment on September,1st the mean brood area cm2 were 1437.00, 2766, and 3402.00 brood cm2//colony for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The highest mean brood area was recorded in group (3) followed by group (2), while the lowest number was in group (1), significantly difference was found between the three tested groups.
6.3.4. Bee pollen cm2
At the beginning of the experiment on July,1st the mean bee pollen area Cm2 was 294.75, 250.00 and 254.00 bee bread cm2/colony for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively, there were no significant differences was found between the three tested groups. On August,1st the mean bee pollen were 249.00, 520.00, 706.00 bee bread cm2/colony, for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The highest mean bee bread area was recorded in group (3) followed by group (2), while the lowest number was in group (1), significantly difference was found between the three tested group.
After three months, at the end of the experiment on September,1st the mean area of bee pollen Cm2 were 182.00, 425.00 and 606.00 bee bread cm2/colony, for group 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The highest mean bee bread area was recorded in group (3) followed by group (2), while the lowest number was in group (1), significantly difference was found between the three tested group.
from the aforementioned results we can concluded that the absence of bee pollen affected negatively the colony bee strength, where honey bee colonies which left without bee pollen traps on their entrances as control (group 3) significantly surpassed the two other groups in colony strength: honey bee colonies with bee pollen traps hanged in their entrance during the experiment period extended three months (group 1) and honey bee colonies with bee pollen traps hanged in their entrance for trapping bee pollen for one week and removed one week, respectively for the same aforementioned period (group 2).
6.4. Evaluation of feeding honey bee colonies with maize pollen collected by honey bees on colony strength.
To evaluate the efficiency of prevalent bee pollen which collected by honey bees in study areas (maize pollen) on honey bee colony vigor (workers brood area (cm2), bee bread area (cm2) and honey area (cm2) were measured in honey bee colonies fed on pollen cake made with maize pollen and protein cake made with dry yeast during autumn and winter season through pollen dearth period.
6.4.1. In autumn season:
For workers brood area (cm2), the data indicated that honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake and dry yeast cake significantly surpassed the control group (no cake was introduced), where brood area (cm2) at the end of the experiment was 630.28, 616.37 in Al Kanater and 509.21 and 719.06, 607.79 and 445.35 cm2/colony in Namoul region for groups fed on maize pollen cake, dry yeast cake and control and, respectively.
The same trend was obtained for bee bread area (cm2), where honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake and dry yeast cake significantly surpassed the control group. Bee bread area (cm2) at the end of the experiment was 189.41, 182.28 and 153.13 cm2/colony in Al Kanater and 203.32, 169.94 and 153.97 cm2/colony in Namoul region for honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake, dry yeast cake and control, respectively.
The honey area (cm2), at the end of the experiment was 682.78, 730.92 and 604.04 cm2/colony in Al Kanater region; while it was 840.38, 739.14 and 600.89 in Namoul region for honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake, dry yeast cake and control, respectively. It also concluded that honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake and dry yeast cake significantly surpassed the control group.
6.4.2. In winter season:
No significant difference was found in workers brood area (cm2) at the end of the experiment in the three tested groups in Al Kanater region, where the workers brood area (cm2) was 628.11, 643.22 and 477.88 cm2/colony. For Namoul region honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake surpassed the others two tested groups, with significant difference was found among them, where the brood area (cm2) was 821.63, 591.94 and 443.05 cm2/colony for honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake, dry yeast cake and control, respectively.
The same trend was obtained for bee bread area (cm2) where the bee bread area (cm2) in Al Kanater and Namoul region were 82.37, 86.60 and 46.69 cm2/colony; and 109.82, 90.35; and 60.35 cm2/colony for honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake, dry yeast cake and control, respectively.
For honey area (cm2), data indicated that honey bee colonies fed on maize pollen cake and dry yeast cake significantly surpassed the control group (no cake was introduced) in tested regions. The honey area (cm2) at the end of the experiment was 307.46, 305.53 and 207.07 cm2/colony in Al Kanater and 374.83, 326.57 and 244.20 cm2/colony in Namoul region for groups fed on maize pollen cake, dry yeast cake and control, respectively
6.5. Classification and identification of bee pollen in study areas.
The current study was conducted at the Bee Research Branch, Kanater, Bee Research Division, Institute of plant protection, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza, Egypt, and in private sector in the apiary located in Namoul village, Toukh region, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt during the experiment period which extended from July 1st 2020 until July 1st 2021.
Pollen grains were collected immediately from flowering plants and by pollen–collecting traps in honey bee colonies. The collected pollen was monitoring and identified to reveal the plants sources that honey bee prefer to forage.
6.5.1. In summer season
The results can be concluded that, there were nine plants as a pollen sources for honey bees in study areas during summer season, four of them was identified in Namoul region, they were ranged descending as preferring of foraging honey bees as: (Maize, Zea mays L.), (Sunflower, Helianthus annus L.), (Eggplant, Solanum melongena) and (Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus L.). Five plants were identified in Al kanater and they ranged descending as preferring of foraging honey bees as: (Maize, Zea mays L.), (Clover, Trifolium alexandrium L.), (Eggplant, Solanum melongena), (Sunflower, Helianthus annus L.), and (Date Palme, phoenix doctylifera L.).
6.5.2. In autumn season
Our results can be summarized that, there were nine plants as pollen sources for honey bees to forage during autumn season in study areas, four of them in Namoul region and five in Al-kanater region. The plants species identified in Namoul region were ranged descending as preferring of foraging honey bees as: (Maize, Zea mays L.), (River red gum, Eucalyptus camaldlensis) (Eggplant, Solanum melongena), (Sunflower, Helianthus annus L.) and (snow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L.), In Al-kanater region; they ranged descending as: (Date Palme, phoenix doctylifera L.), (Maize, Zea mays L.), (Eggplant, Solanum melongena), (River red gum, Eucalyptus camaldlensis), and (Sunflower, Helianthus annus L.) and (snow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L.).
6.5.3. In winter season
Data indicated that, there were 12 plants as a pollen sources for honey bees to forage during winter season, six of them was identified in Namoul region and ranged descending as preferring of foraging honey bees as: (Clover, Trifolium alexandrium L.), (snow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L.), (River red gum, Eucalyptus camaldlensis), and (Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata), (Broad bean, Vicia faba L.) and (Dill, Anethum graveolens). Six plant species were identified in Al-kanater region; they ranged descending as preferring of honey bees as: (cotton tree, Bombax ceiba), (Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata), (Date palm, phoenix doctylifera L.), (Snow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L.), (Broad bean, Vicia faba L.) and (Nut grass, Cyperus rotundus L.).
6.5.4. In spring season
Thirteen plants as a pollen sources for foraging honey bees during spring season was identified in study areas during spring season, six of them was identified in Namoul region, they were ranged descending as preferring of foraging honey bee as: (Citrus, Citrus sp. L.) (Clover, Trifolium alexandrium L.) (Maize, Zea mays L.) (Dill, Anethum graveolens) (Cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. capitata) and (Sunflower, Helianthus annus L.) (Snow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L.). Seven plant species were identified in Al-kanater region; they ranged descending as preferring of honey bee as: (Clover, Trifolium alexandrium L.)(cabbag, Brassica oleracea var. capitata) (Dill, Anethum graveolens) (Maize, Zea mays L.) (Sunflower, Helianthus annus L.) (Snow thistle, Sonchus oleraceus L.) (Date palm, phoenix doctylifera L.) and (cotton tree, Bombax ceiba).
6.6. Detection of some elements in bee pollen and bread collected from different apiaries of Qalyubia governorate, Egypt:
Detection of some elements in bee pollen and bee bread collected from different apiaries located at Qalyubia governorate, Egypt (Namoul - Alkanater) was investigated during four seasons, 2020. Data indicated that the detection of different levels of elements in targeted samples according to the location and the sampling time/season.
It is interesting to notice the detection of Iron (Fe) in high levels in bee pollen samples from El- Kanater (644.8 ppm) and Namoul apiaries (ranged from 167.8 - 598.7ppm), the same samples were containing lower levels of Nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) ranged from (1.7 - 3 ppm/ Ni) and (0.21- 0.79 ppm/Pb) at the same targeted locations, plants and seasons.
The average of tested elements in bee bread samples were 39.4, 0.0, 2.72, 9.28, 0.74, 505.3, 31.12, 0.061, 0.007, 0.0, 0.0, 0.023 and 0.97 ppm for the targeted elements, Mn, Co, Ni. Cu, Cr, Fe, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Hg, Sb and Pb, respectively, and data showed that elements of cobalt (Co), Tin (Sn), Mercury (Hg) were not found in the targeted analyzed samples under limit of detection (LOD), whereas the lowest or traces levels were detected with chromium (Cr), arsenic (As) cadmium (Cd) and antimony (Sb) ranged from (ND - 1.1 ppm), (0.03 - 0.07 ppm), (ND - 0.02ppm) and (ND - 0.03) for the same mentioned elements, respectively.