الفهرس 
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Abstract
The increasing prevalence of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their effects on climate change and human activities that cause GHGs, including modern food-animal production practices. So all that lead to the carbon footprint is a measure of the contribution of organisms to global warming in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases generated and is measured in units of carbon dioxide equivalent. V.1 Environmental conditions Environmental conditions such as relative humidity, air temperature, light time and intensity, and air velocity were sampled according to ideal parameters at different incubation stages from 1 to 147 days to be constant upon aging. We found that on the first day until the 147th day (the end of the breeding period), the actual temperatures less than the standard temperatures by 2° C and the actual relative humidity less than the standard relative humidity by 5%. The actual illumination intensity is higher than the standard illumination intensity by 20 lux, and the actual air velocity is less than the standard air velocity by 0.3 m/s. As for the production stage, the values of temperature, relative humidity, number of hours of illumination, intensity of illumination and air speed remain constant until old age. Therefore, these factors positively affect the growth and development of laying hens during the study period. V.2 Poultry production in First and Second farm • The actual body weight in First farm is more than the ideal weight by 364 gm. In Second farm, the actual body weight is more than the ideal weight by 200 gm. • The actual weight gained in First farm, is less than the ideal weight gained by 3 gm. the largest weight gained in the 26th week V. Summary And Conclusio n - 92 - is 352 gm. In Second farm, the actual weight gained is less than the ideal weight gained by 40 gm. the largest weight gained in the 26th week is 447 gm. • During the breeding period in First farm, the percentage of weight uniformity is 83% in the first week, while in the 25th week, it reached 92%, and the highest percentage of uniformity reached by the farm was 97%. In Second farm, the percentage of weight uniformity is 82% in the first week, while in the 25th week, it reached 91% and the highest percentage of uniformity reached by the farm was 96%. • The actual average quantity in First farm is more than the ideal average amount of feed by 21 gm. In Second farm, the actual average quantity is more than the ideal average amount of feed by 3 gm. • The mortality rate in the first week in First farm began at 0.4% and decreased to 0.1% at the end of the period, while the cumulative mortality rate was 8.6% at the end of the cycle. The total number of birds at the end of the cycle 24093 laying breeder hens. In Second farm, began at 0.1% and increased to 0.2% at the end of the period, while the cumulative mortality rate was 19.2% at the end of the cycle. The total number of birds at the end of the cycle 32850 laying breeder hens. • The percentage of egg production in First farm began at 1% while the greatest rate of production was 87.1 % at week 30, egg production dropped until it reached 42.1 % at week 65. In Second farm the percentage of egg production began at 1.25 % while the greatest rate of production was 88.1 % at week 28, egg production dropped until it reached 66.2 % at week 65. V. Summary And Conclusio n - 93 - • The weight of eggs In First farm increased the ideal rate by 3.3%. While the weight of eggs in Second farm exceeded the ideal rate by 3%. V.3 Carbon footprint estimation V.3.1 Carbon Footprint estimation according to IPCC • Methane emitted from manure management for 10000 birds, was calculated, it was estimated at 0.1 (ton CH4 yr-1), which is lower than the standard value for methane, which is 0.2 (ton CH4 yr-1). As for one month, it equals 0.006 (ton CH4 month-1) and for one week it equals 0.00153 (ton CH4 week-1), for one day it equals 0.00022 (tons of CH4 day-1). While the annual methane emissions for 100000 birds were 1 (ton CH4 yr-1), the monthly emissions are 0.063 (ton CH4 month-1), and the one-week emissions are 0.015 (ton CH4 week-1) and the daily methane emissions are 0.0022 (ton CH4 day-1). • Direct nitrous oxide emitted from manure management for 10000 birds, was calculated, it was estimated at 0.0034 (ton N2O yr-1). As for one month, it equals 0.00023 (ton N2O month-1) and for one week it equals 0.000052 (ton N2O week-1), for one day it equals 0.00021 (tons of N2O day-1). While the annual direct nitrous oxide emissions for 100000 birds were 0.0339 (ton N2O yr-1), the monthly emissions are 0.00226 (ton N2O month-1), and the one-week emissions are 0.0005 (ton N2O week-1) and the daily direct nitrous oxide emissions are 0.0021 (ton N2O day-1). • Indirect nitrous oxide emitted from manure management for 10000 birds, was calculated, it was estimated at 0.014 (ton N2O yr-1). As for one month, it equals 0.0008 (ton N2O month-1) and V. Summary And Conclusio n - 94 - for one week it equals 0.0002 (ton N2O week-1), for one day it equals 0.00003 (tons N2O day-1). While the annual direct nitrous oxide emissions for 100000 birds were 0.14 (ton N2O yr-1), the monthly emissions are 0.008 (ton N2O month-1), and the one-week emissions are 0.0021 (ton N2O week-1) and the daily direct nitrous oxide emissions are 0.0003 (ton N2O day-1). • Amount of diesel use emissions in total period for 10000 birds, equals 1.81 (tons CO2-eq). For one month, it equals 0.36 (ton CO2-eq) and for one week it equals 0.048 (tons CO2-eq), for one day it equals 0.01 (tons CO2-eq). While the diesel use emissions for 100000 birds were 18.1 (tons CO2-eq), the monthly emissions are 3.62 (tons CO2-eq), and the one-week emissions are 0.48 (tons CO2-eq) and the daily diesel use emissions are 0.12 (tons CO2-eq). • Amount of electricity use emissions in total period for 10000 birds, the equals 2.69 (tons CO2-eq). For one month, it equals 0.168 (ton CO2-eq) and for one week it equals 0.041 (tons CO2-eq), for one day it equals 0.0059 (tons CO2-eq). While the electricity use emissions for 100000 birds were 26.9 (tons CO2-eq), the monthly emissions are 1.68 (tons CO2-eq), and the one-week emissions are 0.42 (tons CO2-eq) and the daily electricity use emissions are 0.059 (tons CO2-eq). • Amount of total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions in total period for 10000 birds, equals 12.05 (tons CO2-eq). For one month, it equals 1.01 (ton CO2-eq) and for one week it equals 0.21 (tons CO2-eq), for one day it equals 0.02 (tons CO2-eq). While the total carbon dioxide equivalent use emissions for 100000 birds were 120.5 (tons CO2-eq), the monthly emissions V. Summary And Conclusio n - 95 - are 10.06 (tons CO2-eq), and the one-week emissions are 2.06 (ton CO2-eq) and the daily total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions are 0.21 (tons CO2-eq). V.3.2 Carbon Footprint estimation according to GHG tools program. • Total CO2-eq emissions were calculated from program when using inputs: 10000 birds, 0.45 kl of heater fuel, 243 kw/hr. of electricity on the farm and the total value of tons of carbon dioxide equivalent of methane, nitrous oxide, emissions of used fuel and emissions of electricity used by 9.67 (ton CO2-eq) for the current year, which is more than the standard value for the expected year, which is equal to 9.63 (ton CO2-eq) by 0.04 tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. • Total CO2-eq emissions were calculated from program when using inputs: 100000 birds, 4.5 kl of heater fuel, 2340 kw/hr. of electricity on the farm and the total value of tons of CO2-eq of methane, nitrous oxide, emissions of used fuel and emissions of electricity used by 96.66 (ton CO2-eq)for the current year, which is more than the standard value for the expected year, which is equal to 96.31 (ton CO2-eq) by 0.35 (ton CO2-eq). V.3.3 A comparison between two CO2-eq estimation for laying breeder farms • Methane gas values for the current year and the expected year and measurement equations for 10,000 birds, were estimated at 2.19, 2.19 and 2.5 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, but for 100000 birds, the values were 21.94, 21.94 and 25 ton (CO2-eq), respectively. • Nitrous oxide gas values for the current year and the expected year and measurement equations for 10,000 birds, were estimated V. Summary And Conclusio n - 96 - at 2.09, 2.09 and 5.045 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, while at 100000 birds, the values were 20.99, 20.99 and 50.456 (ton CO2-eq), respectively. • The values of fuel emissions for the current and expected year and measurement equations for 10,000 birds, were estimated at 5.23 and 5.23 and 1.81 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, while at 100000 birds, the values were 52.34, 52.34 and 18.10 (ton CO2-eq). • The electricity values used for the current and expected year and measurement equations for 10,000 birds, were estimated at 0.15, 0.11 and 2.69 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, but for 100000 birds, the values were 1.46, 1.11 and 26.99 (ton CO2-eq), respectively. • Total CO2-eq Emissions values used for the current and expected year and measurement equations for 10,000 birds, were estimated at 9.67, 9.63 and 12.05 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, but for 100000 birds, the values were 96.66, 96.31 and 120.55 (ton CO2-eq), respectively. V.3.4 The total carbon dioxide equivalent emissions from Egypt farms for laying hens. • Methane emission rate from Egyptian farms is 297.23 ton CH4 yr-1 (7.43 kiloton CO2-eq); the average nitrous oxide emission from Egyptian farms is 23.78 (ton N2O yr-1) (7.08 kiloton CO2-eq); the amount of (CO2-eq) emissions from the use of fuel for heating in Egypt’s farms is 9.08 (kiloton CO2-eq), The amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions resulting from the use of electricity for ventilation and lighting in Egypt’s farms is equal to 0.26 kiloton CO2-eq ,In the end, the total amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions generated from Egypt’s farms is 32.75 at 2.09, 2.09 and 5.045 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, while at 100000 birds, the values were 20.99, 20.99 and 50.456 (ton CO2-eq), respectively. • The values of fuel emissions for the current and expected year and measurement equations for 10,000 birds, were estimated at 5.23 and 5.23 and 1.81 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, while at 100000 birds, the values were 52.34, 52.34 and 18.10 (ton CO2-eq). • The electricity values used for the current and expected year and measurement equations for 10,000 birds, were estimated at 0.15, 0.11 and 2.69 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, but for 100000 birds, the values were 1.46, 1.11 and 26.99 (ton CO2-eq), respectively. • Total CO2-eq Emissions values used for the current and expected year and measurement equations for 10,000 birds, were estimated at 9.67, 9.63 and 12.05 (ton CO2-eq), respectively, but for 100000 birds, the values were 96.66, 96.31 and 120.55 (ton CO2-eq), respectively.