الفهرس 
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Abstract
Keywords: Canal cleanliness, manual dynamic activation, passive ultrasonic irrigation, photoactivated disinfection, scanning electron microscopy. Aim: to evaluate canal cleanliness (removal of smear layer and debris) after using different final irrigation activation methods including manual dynamic activation(MDA), passive ultrasonic irrigation(PUI) and photoactivated disinfection(PAD) in comparison with conventional needle irrigation, using scanning electron microscopy. Material and Methods: Sixty single rooted human premolars with nearly straight single canal were collected, the crowns of all teeth were removed near the level of cementoenamel junction to obtain approximately 15 ±1 mm uniform root lengths. After instrumentaion with ProTaper Next files up to X4 (40/06), roots were randomly divided into 4 equal groups (n=15) according to the method of final irrigation activation. group I: Conventional needle and syringe irrigation. group II: Manual dynamic activation. group III: Passive ultrasonic irrigation. group IV: Photoactivated disinfection. Canal cleanliness was evaluated with SEM using different magnification (X350- X1000). Results: group III had the best cleanliness of the root canal while group I had the worst cleanliness, there were statistical significant differences between group I versus Groups II and III and between group III and group IV (P ≤ 0.05). Regardless the irrigation activation method, the coronal level showed significantly less amount of smear layer and remaining debris than the apical level. Conclusions: None of the tested final irrigation activation methods resulted in completely clean canal wall.