الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 157 |  |  |
| | | from | 157 | | |
Abstract
SUMMARY
The present study designed to investigate and evaluate the protective and beneficial effects of Moringa Oleifera lam. Extracts (ethanolic leaves extract (ELE), aqueous leaves extract (AQLE), ethanolic seeds extract(ESE) and aqueous seeds extract (AQSE) comparing with silymarin (SIL) against side effects of chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide), to avoid and decrease its harmful side effects. Therefore, to achieve this aim, seventy male albino rats divided into 7 groups each group contains 10 rats as the following:
• group 1 (control): Rats received distilled water orally (untreated check).
• group 2 (CYP): Cyclophosphamide 150 mg/kg body weight was given through its intra-peritoneal twice; one dose on the15th day and another dose on the 30th day.
• group 3 (ELE+CYP): Rats were administrated orally with ethanolic leaves extract 500 mg/kg/day orally through an intragastric tube for consecutive 7days before and 7days after CYP injection.
• group 4 (AQLE+CYP): received aqueous leaves extract 500 mg/kg/day for consecutive 7days before and 7days after CYP injection.
• group 5 (ESE+CYP): received ethanolic seeds extract 500 mg/kg/day for consecutive 7days before and 7days after CYP injection.
• group 6 (AQSE+CYP): received aqueous seeds extract 500 mg/kg/day for consecutive 7days before and 7days after CYP injection.
• group 7 (SIL+CYP): Rats were administrated aqueous solution of silymarin 100 mg/kg/day by gavage for consecutive 7days before and 7days after CYP injection.
The adverse effects occurring for experimental rats injected with CYP were investigated through of histopathological assay of hepatocytes, hematological analyses and different blood biochemical determinations (e.g enzymes activity of. AST, ALP, ALT, CPK, and LDH, glucose, total protein, albumin, lipid profile, creatinine, uric acid, urea & lipid peroxidation level).
The results of this study can be summarized as follows:
5.1. Body weight.
The data indicated that, significant differences were found in body weights between the tested groups at the end of the experiment after four weeks. where the highest value of body weight was recorded in control group and the lowest value was in the group treated with CYP followed by ESE + CYP group.
5.2. Blood suger.
The data indicated that glucose levels are significantly (p≤0.05) affected by all treatments, where the CYP treated group significantly had the highest value of serum glucose (97.013 ± 0.739 mg/dl). ELE decreased serum glucose levels in comparison with CYP group, meanwhile control group had the lowest value (74.507 ± 0.708 mg/dl).
5.3. Effect of Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin on the levels of serum ALT, AST and ALP of cyclophosphamide treated rats.
5.3.1. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities:
Significant increasing (p≤0.05) were observed among the activities of ALT and AST for all treatments compared to the control.
5.3.2. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity:
Significant differences (p≤0.05) were found in serum ALP activity between the treatments. The highest value of serum ALP activity was obtained in (CYP) treated group, however, the control group significantly had the lowest value, while ELE treatment gave lower ALP activity than CYP treatment.
5.4. Effect of Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin on protein profile of cyclophosphamide treated rats
5.4.1. Serum total protein.
Control group significantly recorded the highest value 7.556 (g/dl) and (CYP) group recorded the lowest value 4.726 (g/dl). ELE + CYP treatment increased total protein value in comparison with CYP treatment.
5.4.2. Serum albumin.
Significant (p<0.05) differences were observed in the levels of serum albumin for all treatments compared to the control.
5.5. Effect of Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin on the kidney functions of cyclophosphamide treated rats.
5.5.1. Serum Urea.
The data showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences among the levels of serum urea of the rats, where CYP treated group significantly had the highest value 94.158 (mg/dl), while control group had the lowest value 64.318 (mg/dl) followed by ELE + CYP group.
5.5.2. Serum Uric acid.
For serum uric acid control group significantly had the highest level of uric acid 4.741 (mg/dl) meanwhile, CYP treated group had the lowest value 2.375 (mg/dl) followed by ELE + CYP group.
5.5.3. Serum Creatinine.
The data showed significant decreases in the levels of serum creatinine in all treatments compared to the CYP group. the highest value was recorded in CYP treated group1.436 (mg/dl) and the lowest value was found in control group 0.699 (mg/dl).
5.6. Effect of Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin on the lipid profile of cyclophosphamide treated rats.
5.6.1. Serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG):
The results concluded that, significant differences were found between all tested groups in the aforementioned parameters. The highest values of triglyceride and total cholesterol were found in case of CYP treated group, and control group had the lowest value followed by ELE + CYP group. It can be observed that increases of serum triglycerides were pronounced more than those of total cholesterol for all treatments.
5.6.2. Serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL):
The data showed significant decreases of serum HDL in all treatments compared to the control. In contrast, significant increases of serum LDL were noticed in all treatments compared to the control. There were significant (P ≤ 0.05) increases in the levels of serum VLDL in all treatments, owing to increasing of serum triglycerides, compared to the control group.
5.7. Effect of Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin on the levels of lipid peroxidation of cyclophosphamide treated rats.
Serum TBARS (MDA) levels significantly (p≤0.05) increased to11.676 nmoles/ml in cyclophosphamide conducted group compered to5.748 nmoles/ml in control group. ELE + CYP treatment had lower TBARS (MDA) levels than CYP treatment.
5.8. Effect of Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin on heart functions of cyclophosphamide treated rats.
There were significant differences found in serum LDH (U/L) and CPK (U/L) between all the treatments, while, CYP treated group significantly had the highest value of LDH (U/L) and CPK (U/L), the control group had the lowest value. ELE + CYP treatment had lower serum LDH and CPK activities in comparison with CYP treatment.
5.9. Effect of Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin on hematological analyses of cyclophosphamide treated rats.
5.9.1. Hemoglobin and hematocrit:
There were significant differences recorded in hematological analyses between all the treatments, while control group had significantly the highest value of hemoglobin (17.67 g/dl), CYP treated group had the lowest value (9.98 g/dl). The same trend was obtained in case hematocrit, the control group had significantly the highest percentage (49.34%) and CYP treated group had the lowest percentage (32.32%). However ELE + CYP treatment had higher values of hemoglobin and hematocrit than CYP treatment.
5.9.2. Red blood cells (RBC), White blood cells (WBC) and Platelets (PLT) counts.
CYP treated groups registered the lowest counts for RBCs (103/μl), WBCs (106/μl) and PLTs (103/μl), while The control group registered the highest counts followed by ELE + CYP group.
5.10. Effect of Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin on organs weight of cyclophosphamide treated rats.
Significant differences were found in tested organs weight (liver, kidney, heart and lung) between all the treatments, while the control group registered the highest weight of aforementioned organs, CYP treated group had the lowest value of organs weight.
5.11. Histopathological findings:
Microscopical examinations of liver tissues of rats treated with Moringa leaves, seeds extracts, and silymarin showed obvious protection of hepatocytes against damage occurred by cyclophosphamide.
Conclusion
Using of Moringa Oleifera lam. extracts (ethanolic leaves extract (ELE) decreased and cured from the side effects of chemotherapy cyclophosphamide