الفهرس 
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Abstract
Abstract
Water scarcity is one of the largest global risks thus, a dispute between users
around the world to obtain a suitable water quantity or quality. Subsequently, this
dispute affects the world economically. This thesis quantifies the virtual water
(VW) of agricultural products for Nile basin countries (NBC). We proposed an
approach to define the water scarcity and increase the total national income in the
NBC. A group of crops consists of 22 crops is studied in terms of its price and
virtual water consumption.
A model to estimate the evapotranspiration (ETo) was designed based on the
Penman-Monteith equation. Then, ETo for all NBC is calculated. The VW of
different crops is computed using the proposed model. Using the FAO database,
the water trade between NBC is calculated.
The proposed method is based on two approaches. First, the desired crop was
found, which consumes low water, and its price is high. This crop is preferred to
be exported. Then the effect of replacing the studied crops by this desired crop
was studied. Second, the most water consumption crop that has low price is found.
This crop is preferred to be imported. Also, the crop replacement is studied again.
Therefore, this leads to money saving and increase of the net VW in Egypt. All the
results are computed based on the constructed MATLAB program in this study.
Finally, this thesis suggested how the VW trade could be use to overcome water
scarcity.