الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Advantages for use of blast furnace slagOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Various mixes are prepared such as blended cements and geopolymer mixes by using supplementary cementicious materials (SCMS) such as EAFS, GGBFS ,SF , CKD and Sludge. Geopolymer mixes activated by using sodium hydroxide .Those pastes are molded into 1 inch cubic stainless steel molds and left within the molds at 100% relative humidity (RH)and at room temperature RT(25±1) for 1 day, then demolded and treated using tap water for 3,7,28,90 and 180 days. The hydration properities of the different mixes have been examined via testing of standards water of consistency, initial and final setting times, compressive strength, combined water, bulk density, total porosity and XRD analysis at different time intervals . In order to study the effect of some artificial pozzalana such as electric arc furnace slag (EAFS), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), cement kiln dust (CKD) ,silica fume (SF) and sludge(S) in blended cements and geopolymers.
Four systems are prepared in this study:
1. OPC with EAFS with the ratio 10%,20% and 30%.
2. 90% OPC with 5%SF and 5% EAFS.
3. (50%WCS-25%CKD-25%EAFS) as geopolymer mix activated by using sodium hydroxide(SH) 2% dissolved in the water for the activated mix and the other mix without the activator .The blended cement mix is (50%WCS-25%OPC-25%EAFS).
4. (50%WCS-25%Sludge-25%EAFS) two paste mixes activated by 5% and 10% sodium hydroxide dissolved in the mixing water.
The fundamental results could be drawn from this study are summarized as follows:
1- Blended cements using EAFS:
• Various mixes CA1, CA2, CA3 are prepared using different ratios (10, 20 and 30%) of EAFS.
• The blended pastes compressive strength gradually increase up to 180 days. This is due to
the persistent hydration and precipitation of hydrated products as CAH and CSH, which filled in the open pores, that make the total porosity decrease ,bulk density increase and as a result of that the compressive strength increase.
• The result show that using 10%,20% EAFS is the maximum ratio for the preparing of blended cement with the best results.
2- Blended cements using combination of EAFS and SF:
• Mix of (90%OPC +5%SF+5%EAFS) are prepared. In the blended pastes compressive strength gradually increase up to 180 days. This is due to the continuous hydration and precipitation of hydrated product due to the presence of the silica fume that increases the surface area that enhance the production of hydrated products, that precipitated in the open pores. Which make the total porosity decrease and as a result of that the compressive strength increase.
3- (50%WCS – 25%CKD–25%EAFS) A,NA and (50%WCS – 25%OPC–25%EAFS)blend:
• (50%WCS–25%CKD–25%EAF) is the activated geopolymer mix that prepared using 2% Sodium hydroxide (SH) used as activator that is dissolved in the mixing water.
• (50%WCS–25%CKD–25%EAF) non activated geopolymer mix and (50%WCS – 25%OPC–
25%EAFS) blended cement paste.
• The result show that the activated mix pastes show slight increase up to 180 days than the non activated mix and for the blended mix shows the best results than the two previous mixes. This is due to the continuous hydration and precipitation
of hydrated products, that deposited in the open pores. Which make the total porosity decrease and as a result of that the compressive strength increase.
4- Alkali Activated of (WCS-Sludge-CKD) mix:
• Various activated mixes of (50%WCS25%Sludge-25%CKD) are prepared using 5% and 10% sodium hydroxide pellets (SH) as activator that is dissolved in the mixing water.
• The activated pastes show slight increase up to 180 days. This is due to the persistent hydration and precipitation of hydrated products, which filled up the open pores. That make the total porosity decrease slightly and as a result of that the compressive strength shows slight increase.
• from the result it’s obvious that the mix (50%WCS-25%Sludge-25%CKD) that activated by using 10% sodium hydroxide give better results than the mix that activated by 5% sodium hydroxide.