الفهرس 
Chapter (1): IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) is one of the most important crop plants in Egypt, due to its high nutritive value, it is a traditional food in the human diet, as it is low in fat and rich in proteins, vitamins, complex carbohydrates, and minerals. In addition to contributing nutritional requirements, consumption of dry beans has been linked to reduced risk of heart disease and cancer. Beans are a rich source of protein and carbohydrates, as well as being a good source of vitamin B complex such as niacin, riboflavin, folic acid and thiamine. It also provides iron, copper, zinc, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium, furthermore, has high fiber content. It is also an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nowadays, Egypt suffers from food shortage troubles due to a vast raise of inhabitance in addition to vast lack of soils suitable for agriculture because of corrosion beside desertification troubles. Thus, it’s extremely important for common bean productivity increment to overcome this shortage troubles. In this connection, chemical fertilizers are industrially manipulated substances composed of known quantities of (nitrogen N, phosphorus P and potassium K) also, were needed for promoting original capacity of plants to compacted tenseness/stresses like (drought & cold, pests & diseases). But, excessive application of chemical fertilization lead to environmental contamination in addition it also costly expensive and not effective for long periods. As well as, Chemical fertilization causes many troubles for air and eutrophication of water bodies. In this regard, recent efforts have been channelized more towards the production of ”nutrient rich high quality food” in sustainable comportment to ensure bio-safety. In this context, ”bio-fertilizers” have standard out as an essential source of nutrients in addition to able to do environmental and crop productivity enhancements. Thus, many efforts directed for utilizing ”microorganisms” as a replacement for chemical fertilizers in order to provide major important nutrients needed for plant growth and plant yield. Objective of this study is to follow the effects of ”Rhizobium” and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ”AMF” on growth and productivity of Phaseolus vulgaris var. Nebraska. Furthermore, the main goal of this study is to obtain the best treatments causing the maximum promoter effects. The obtained results of the present study reported that double inoculation of ”AMF” and ”Rhizobium” /combined treatment of 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF was the most effective treatment led to improving the yield production and growth of common bean with minimizing the concentrations of NPK chemical fertilizers. On the other hand, the application of recommended dose 100%NPK was more effective than other treatments. During this study, the obtained results were summarized in the following items: 1- As compared with other treatments, most of growth parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris plant treated with 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF were significant higher. 2- Concerning photosynthetic pigments Double treatment of 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF was significant increase and became the most effective treatment compared with the other treatments. 3- Glucose, sucrose, total soluble sugars, polysaccharides and total carbohydrates of Phaseolus vulgaris plant, at the two stages of growth and developments, a general significant increase above the -ve control levels were observed. Particularly the combined treatment of 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF treatment was the most effective treatment compared with the other treatments. 4- A general significant increase above the -ve control levels, was observed for ammonia-N, amino-N, amide-N, total proteins and total-N content in Phaseolus vulgaris plant in response to all treatments. As compared to all treatments, nitrogen fractions and total nitrogen of different treated plants were highly significant in case of the combined treatment of 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF. 5- Concerning antioxidant enzyme activity, application of recommended dose 100%NPK was more effective than other treatments. On the other hand, the combined treatment of 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF was the lowest treatment (significantly or/ non-significantly decline). 6- Concerning elements (available N, P & K), the combined treatment of 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF was the most effective than other treatments. In this connection, the application of recommended dose 100%NPK was more effective than other treatments. 7- Mycorrhizal levels were significantly reduced by increasing the dose of NPK fertilizers at 100%NPK while significantly increased at 25%NPK and 0%NPK fertilizers. Thus, it can be concluded that the high rate of chemical fertilizers application, led to antagonistic interaction with mycorrhiza. In low amount of added NPK chemical fertilizer, mycorrhizal fungi were able to increase the root infection significantly. Results of mycorrhizal dependency (MD) for improving each plant growth parameters shoot fresh weight & dry weight, root fresh & dry weight, total soluble sugars, total proteins and N-ammonia showed that, Mycorrhizal dependency values of Phaseolus vulgaris plant in responding to double symbiosis (Rhizobium+AMF) inoculation were significantly higher at 25%NPK fertilizers among all the calculated parameters. Improved growth of Phaseolus vulgaris plant depends highly on double symbiosis, indicating that AMF colonization can be enhancing the uptake of nutrients and Rhizobium for nitrogen fixation. 8- Yield parameters of Phaseolus vulgaris plant showed that, the combined treatment of 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF was the most effective treatment (significantly or/ non-significantly increased). On the other hand, the application of recommended dose 100%NPK was more effective than other treatments. 9- As compared to the -ve control value, the total carbohydrates and total proteins of the yield seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris plant significantly increased in response to the used treatments. In the majority of cases, the combined treatment of 25%NPK+Rhizobium+AMF was the most effective treatment. On the other hand, the application of recommended dose 100%NPK was more effective than other treatments.